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Coastal Freshening Drives Acidification State in Greenland Fjords

Authors: Henson, Henry C.; Holding, Johnna M.; Meire, Lorenz; Rysgaard, Søren; Stedmon, Colin A.; Stuart-Lee, Alice; Bendtsen, Jørgen; +1 Authors

Coastal Freshening Drives Acidification State in Greenland Fjords

Abstract

Greenland's fjords and coastal waters are highly productive and sustain important fisheries. However, retreating glaciers and increasing meltwater are changing fjord circulation and biogeochemistry, which may threaten future productivity. The freshening of Greenland fjords caused by unprecedented melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet may alter carbonate chemistry in coastal waters, influencing CO2 uptake and causing biological consequences from acidification. However, few studies to date explore the current acidification state in Greenland coastal waters. Here we present the first-ever large-scale measurements of carbonate system parameters in 16 Greenlandic fjords and seek to identify the drivers of acidification state in these freshening ecosystems. Aragonite saturation state (Ω), a proxy for ocean acidification, was calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity from fjords along the east and west coast of Greenland spanning 68-75°N. Aragonite saturation was primarily >1 in the surface mixed layer. However, undersaturated-or corrosive--conditions (Ω < 1) were observed on both coasts (west: Ω = 0.28-3.11, east: Ω = 0.70-3.07), albeit at different depths. West Greenland fjords were largely corrosive at depth while undersaturation in East Greenland fjords was only observed in surface waters. This reflects a difference in the coastal boundary conditions and mechanisms driving acidification state. We suggest that advection of Sub Polar Mode Water and accumulation of DIC from organic matter decomposition drive corrosive conditions in the West, while freshwater alkalinity dilution drives acidification in the East. The presence of marine terminating glaciers also impacted local acidification states by influencing fjord circulation: upwelling driven by subglacial discharge brought corrosive bottom waters to shallower depths. Meanwhile, discharge from land terminating glaciers strengthened stratification and diluted alkalinity. Regardless of the drivers in each system, increasing freshwater discharge will likely lower carbonate saturation states and impact biotic and abiotic carbon uptake in the future.

Countries
Denmark, Netherlands
Keywords

Greenland fjords, Seawater chemistry, 550, Caustics, Greenland, Carbonates, Biological pump, 551, Calcium Carbonate, Arctic, Arctic Freshening, Climate change, Freshering, /dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/climate_action; name=SDG 13 - Climate Action, Seawater, Freshening, Ecosystem, Ocean acidification, Carbonate saturation state, /dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/life_below_water; name=SDG 14 - Life Below Water, /dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/life_on_land; name=SDG 15 - Life on Land, Arctic Climate Change, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Carbon, CO, Carbon dioxide, Biological jump, Estuaries, Greenland fjord

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    12
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
    influence
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    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
12
Top 10%
Average
Top 10%