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Food security—the ability to obtain and use sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food—is a fundamental human need. Climate change is very likely to affect global, regional, and local food security by disrupting food availability, decreasing access to food, and making food utilization more difficult. Food security exists “when all people at all times have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” and affects people through both under- and overconsumption. Food security requires that food be simultaneously (1) available—that it exist in a particular place at a particular time, (2) that people can access that food through economic or other means, (3) that people can utilize the food that is available and accessible to them, and (4) that each of these components be stable over time. Constrictions within any of these components can result in food insecurity. Food is provisioned through a food system that manifests in diverse ways across the globe. The food system includes all activities related to producing, transporting, trading, storing, processing, packaging, wholesaling, retailing, consuming, and disposing of food. Whether an individual food system includes few, many, or all of these elements, each is susceptible to risks from a changing climate. Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, have increased global greenhouse gas concentrations; atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have risen from 280 parts per million (ppm) in the late 1700s to today’s level of about 400 ppm. Concentrations continue to rise, though future levels depend on choices and development pathways yet to be determined. Additionally, the future condition of the food system depends upon socioeconomic trajectories that are external to the food system itself. For these reasons, a range of possible emissions futures and socioeconomic pathways have been considered by this assessment. The Climate Change, Global Food Security, and U.S. Food System assessment represents a consensus of authors and includes contributors from 19 Federal, academic, nongovernmental, and intergovernmental organizations in four countries, identifying climate-change effects on global food security through 2100, and analyzing the United States’ likely connections with that world. The assessment finds that climate change is likely to diminish continued progress on global food security through production disruptions leading to local availability limitations and price increases, interrupted transport conduits, and diminished food safety, among other causes. The risks are greatest for the global poor and in tropical regions. In the near term, some high-latitude production export regions may benefit from changes in climate. As part of a highly integrated global food system, consumers and producers in the United States are likely to be affected by these changes. The type and price of food imports from other regions are likely to change, as are export demands placed upon U.S. producers and the transportation, processing, and storage systems that enable global trade. Demand for food and other types of assistance may increase, as may demand for advanced technologies to manage changing conditions. Adaptation across the food system has great potential to manage climate-change effects on food security, and the complexity of the food system offers multiple potential points of intervention for decision makers at every level, from households to nations and international governance structures. However, effective adaptation is subject to highly localized conditions and socioeconomic factors, and the technical feasibility of an adaptive intervention is not necessarily a guarantee of its application if it is unaffordable or does not provide benefits within a relatively short time frame, particularly for smaller operations around the world with limited capacity for long-term investments. The accurate identification of needs and vulnerabilities, and the effective targeting of adaptive practices and technologies across the full scope of the food system, are central to improving global food security in a changing climate.

Experimental solubilities of budesonide, hydrocortisone, and prednisolone in ethanol + water mixtures at 298.2 K are reported. The solubility of drugs was increased with the addition of ethanol and reached the maximum values of the volume fractions of 90 %, 80 %, and 80 % of ethanol. The Jouyban−Acree model was used to fit the experimental data, and the solubilities were reproduced using previously trained versions of the Jouyban−Acree model and the solubility data in monosolvents in which the overall mean relative deviations (OMRDs) of the models were 5.1 %, 6.4 %, 37.7 %, and 35.9 %, respectively, for the fitted model, the trained version for ethanol + water mixtures, and generally trained versions for various organic solvents + water mixtures. Solubilities were also predicted by a previously established log−linear model of Yalkowsky with the OMRD of 53.8 %.

La dengue est liée au changement climatique dans les pays tropicaux et subtropicaux, notamment en République démocratique populaire lao (Laos) et en Thaïlande. La connaissance de ces problèmes et les mesures préventives peuvent affecter l'incidence et le risque d'épidémie de dengue. Par conséquent, la présente étude a été menée pour déterminer les connaissances, les attitudes et les pratiques (cap) parmi les communautés urbaines et rurales et les responsables gouvernementaux sur le changement climatique et la dengue au Laos et en Thaïlande. Une enquête transversale sur le changement climatique et la dengue a été menée auprès de 360 ménages au Laos (180 urbains et 180 ruraux), 359 ménages en Thaïlande (179 urbains et 180 ruraux) et 20 représentants du gouvernement (10 dans chaque pays) à l'aide de questionnaires structurés. L'analyse des données a été entreprise en utilisant des méthodes descriptives, l'analyse en composantes principales (ACP), le test du Chi carré ou le test exact de Fisher (le cas échéant) et la régression logistique. Des différences significatives entre les communautés sélectionnées dans les deux pays ont été trouvées en termes d'âge, de niveau d'éducation, de statut socio-économique, de niveau d'attitude face au changement climatique et de niveau de cap de la dengue (P < 0,05 ; IC à 95 %). Dans l'ensemble, le cap des participants sur le changement climatique et la dengue était faible, à l'exception du niveau d'attitude pour la dengue dans les deux pays. Le niveau de sensibilisation des responsables gouvernementaux à la relation climatique avec la dengue était également faible. Dans les ménages laotiens, les connaissances des participants sur le changement climatique et la dengue étaient significativement associées au niveau d'éducation et au statut socio-économique (SSE) (P < 0,01). Leurs attitudes à l'égard du changement climatique et de la dengue étaient associées au niveau d'éducation et à l'utilisation d'Internet (P < 0,05). Les pratiques liées au changement climatique des ménages étaient associées au SSE (P < 0,01) et les pratiques liées à la dengue étaient associées au niveau d'éducation, au SSE, à l'expérience antérieure de la dengue et à l'utilisation d'Internet (P < 0,01). En Thaïlande, les connaissances des participants sur le changement climatique étaient associées au niveau d'éducation et au SSE (P < 0,01). Leurs attitudes à l'égard du changement climatique étaient associées au statut de résidence (urbain/rural) et à l'utilisation d'Internet (P < 0,05) ; les pratiques liées au changement climatique étaient associées au niveau d'éducation et au SSE (P < 0,05). Les connaissances liées à la dengue des participants étaient associées au SSE et à l'expérience antérieure de la dengue (P < 0,05) ; les attitudes et les pratiques liées à la dengue des participants étaient associées au niveau d'éducation (P < 0,01). Les résultats appellent à des programmes de sensibilisation intégrés et urgents pour augmenter les niveaux de cap concernant l'adaptation au changement climatique, l'atténuation et la prévention de la dengue afin d'améliorer la santé et le bien-être des populations de ces deux pays et des pays similaires où la dengue est endémique. El dengue está relacionado con el cambio climático en países tropicales y subtropicales como la República Democrática Popular Lao (Laos) y Tailandia. El conocimiento sobre estos problemas y las medidas preventivas pueden afectar la incidencia y el riesgo de brote de dengue. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio se realizó para determinar el conocimiento, las actitudes y las prácticas (CAP) entre las comunidades urbanas y rurales y los funcionarios gubernamentales sobre el cambio climático y el dengue en Laos y Tailandia. Se realizó una encuesta Cap transversal sobre el cambio climático y el dengue en 360 hogares en Laos (180 urbanos y 180 rurales), 359 hogares en Tailandia (179 urbanos y 180 rurales) y 20 funcionarios gubernamentales (10 en cada país) utilizando cuestionarios estructurados. El análisis de datos se realizó utilizando métodos descriptivos, análisis de componentes principales (PCA), prueba de Chi-cuadrado o prueba exacta de Fisher (según corresponda) y regresión logística. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las comunidades seleccionadas en ambos países en términos de edad de los participantes del hogar, nivel de educación, nivel socioeconómico, nivel de actitud ante el cambio climático y nivel Cap de dengue (P < 0,05; IC del 95%). En general, la Cap de los participantes sobre el cambio climático y el dengue fue baja, excepto el nivel de actitud para el dengue en ambos países. El nivel de conciencia entre los funcionarios gubernamentales con respecto a la relación climática con el dengue también fue bajo. En los hogares de Laos, el conocimiento de los participantes sobre el cambio climático y el dengue se asoció significativamente con el nivel de educación y el nivel socioeconómico (ses) (P < 0,01). Sus actitudes hacia el cambio climático y el dengue se asociaron con el nivel educativo y el uso de internet (P < 0.05). Las prácticas relacionadas con el cambio climático de los hogares se asociaron con el ses (P < 0,01) y las prácticas relacionadas con el dengue se asociaron con el nivel educativo, el ses, la experiencia previa con el dengue y el uso de Internet (P < 0,01). En Tailandia, el conocimiento de los participantes sobre el cambio climático se asoció con el nivel de educación y el ses (P < 0,01). Sus actitudes hacia el cambio climático se asociaron con el estado de residencia (urbano/rural) y el uso de Internet (P < 0.05); las prácticas relacionadas con el cambio climático se asociaron con el nivel educativo y el ses (P < 0.05). El conocimiento relacionado con el dengue de los participantes se asoció con el ses y la experiencia previa del dengue (P < 0,05); las actitudes y prácticas relacionadas con el dengue de los participantes se asociaron con el nivel educativo (P < 0,01). Los hallazgos exigen programas de concientización integrados que se necesitan con urgencia para aumentar los niveles de Cap con respecto a la adaptación al cambio climático, la mitigación y la prevención del dengue para mejorar la salud y el bienestar de las personas en estos dos países y en países similares donde el dengue es endémico. Dengue is linked with climate change in tropical and sub-tropical countries including the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) and Thailand. Knowledge about these issues and preventive measures can affect the incidence and outbreak risk of dengue. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among urban and rural communities and government officials about climate change and dengue in Laos and Thailand. A cross-sectional KAP survey about climate change and dengue were conducted in 360 households in Laos (180 urban and 180 rural), 359 households in Thailand (179 urban and 180 rural), and 20 government officials (10 in each country) using structured questionnaires. Data analysis was undertaken using descriptive methods, principal component analysis (PCA), Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test (as appropriate), and logistic regression. Significant differences among the selected communities in both countries were found in terms of household participant's age, level of education, socioeconomic status, attitude level of climate change and KAP level of dengue (P < 0.05; 95% CI). Overall, participants' KAP about climate change and dengue were low except the attitude level for dengue in both countries. The level of awareness among government officials regarding the climatic relationship with dengue was also low. In Lao households, participants' knowledge about climate change and dengue was significantly associated with the level of education and socioeconomic status (SES) (P < 0.01). Their attitudes towards climate change and dengue were associated with educational level and internet use (P < 0.05). Householders' climate change related practices were associated with SES (P < 0.01) and dengue related practices were associated with educational level, SES, previous dengue experience and internet use (P < 0.01). In Thailand, participants' knowledge about climate change was associated with the level of education and SES (P < 0.01). Their attitudes towards climate change were associated with residence status (urban/rural) and internet use (P < 0.05); climate change related practices were associated with educational level and SES (P < 0.05). Dengue related knowledge of participants was associated with SES and previous dengue experience (P < 0.05); participants' dengue related attitudes and practices were associated with educational level (P < 0.01). The findings call for urgently needed integrated awareness programs to increase KAP levels regarding climate change adaptation, mitigation and dengue prevention to improve the health and welfare of people in these two countries, and similar dengue-endemic countries. ترتبط حمى الضنك بتغير المناخ في البلدان الاستوائية وشبه الاستوائية بما في ذلك جمهورية لاو الديمقراطية الشعبية (لاوس) وتايلاند. يمكن أن تؤثر المعرفة بهذه القضايا والتدابير الوقائية على حدوث وخطر تفشي حمى الضنك. لذلك، أجريت هذه الدراسة لتحديد المعرفة والمواقف والممارسات (KAP) بين المجتمعات الحضرية والريفية والمسؤولين الحكوميين حول تغير المناخ وحمى الضنك في لاوس وتايلاند. وأجريت دراسة استقصائية مستعرضة للمعارف والمواقف والممارسات بشأن تغير المناخ وحمى الضنك في 360 أسرة معيشية في لاوس (180 في المناطق الحضرية و 180 في المناطق الريفية)، و 359 أسرة معيشية في تايلند (179 في المناطق الحضرية و 180 في المناطق الريفية)، و 20 مسؤولا حكوميا (10 في كل بلد) باستخدام استبيانات منظمة. تم إجراء تحليل البيانات باستخدام الأساليب الوصفية، وتحليل المكونات الرئيسية (PCA)، واختبار مربع كاي أو اختبار فيشر الدقيق (حسب الاقتضاء)، والانحدار اللوجستي. تم العثور على اختلافات كبيرة بين المجتمعات المختارة في كلا البلدين من حيث عمر المشارك في الأسرة، ومستوى التعليم، والوضع الاجتماعي والاقتصادي، ومستوى الموقف من تغير المناخ ومستوى المعرفة والتعلم والتعلم والتعلم من حمى الضنك (P < 0.05 ؛ 95 ٪ CI). بشكل عام، كانت المعارف والمواقف والممارسات للمشاركين حول تغير المناخ وحمى الضنك منخفضة باستثناء مستوى الموقف تجاه حمى الضنك في كلا البلدين. كما كان مستوى الوعي بين المسؤولين الحكوميين فيما يتعلق بالعلاقة المناخية مع حمى الضنك منخفضًا. في أسر لاو، كانت معرفة المشاركين حول تغير المناخ وحمى الضنك مرتبطة بشكل كبير بمستوى التعليم والوضع الاجتماعي والاقتصادي (P < 0.01). ارتبطت مواقفهم تجاه تغير المناخ وحمى الضنك بالمستوى التعليمي واستخدام الإنترنت (P < 0.05). ارتبطت الممارسات المتعلقة بتغير المناخ لدى الأسر بالخدمات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية (P < 0.01) وارتبطت الممارسات المتعلقة بحمى الضنك بالمستوى التعليمي، والخدمات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية، وتجربة حمى الضنك السابقة واستخدام الإنترنت (P < 0.01). في تايلاند، ارتبطت معرفة المشاركين بتغير المناخ بمستوى التعليم و SES (P < 0.01). ارتبطت مواقفهم تجاه تغير المناخ بوضع الإقامة (حضري/ريفي) واستخدام الإنترنت (P < 0.05 )؛ ارتبطت الممارسات المتعلقة بتغير المناخ بالمستوى التعليمي و SES (P < 0.05). ارتبطت معرفة المشاركين المتعلقة بحمى الضنك بالخدمات البيئية والاجتماعية وتجربة حمى الضنك السابقة (P < 0.05 )؛ وارتبطت مواقف المشاركين وممارساتهم المتعلقة بحمى الضنك بالمستوى التعليمي (P < 0.01). تدعو النتائج إلى برامج توعية متكاملة مطلوبة بشكل عاجل لزيادة مستويات المعارف والمواقف والممارسات فيما يتعلق بالتكيف مع تغير المناخ والتخفيف من آثاره والوقاية من حمى الضنك لتحسين صحة ورفاهية الناس في هذين البلدين، والبلدان الموبوءة بحمى الضنك المماثلة.

The life cycles and transmission of most infectious agents are inextricably linked with climate. In spite of a growing level of interest and progress in determining climate change effects on infectious disease, the debate on the potential health outcomes remains polarizing, which is partly attributable to the varying effects of climate change, different types of pathogen-host systems, and spatio-temporal scales. We summarize the published evidence and show that over the past few decades, the reported negative or uncertain responses of infectious diseases to climate change has been growing. A feature of the research tendency is the focus on temperature and insect-borne diseases at the local and decadal scale. Geographically, regions experiencing higher temperature anomalies have been given more research attention; unfortunately, the Earth's most vulnerable regions to climate variability and extreme events have been less studied. From local to global scales, agreements on the response of infectious diseases to climate change tend to converge. So far, an abundance of findings have been based on statistical methods, with the number of mechanistic studies slowly growing. Research gaps and trends identified in this study should be addressed in the future.

Experimental solubilities of salbutamol and salbutamol sulphate in ethanol + water mixtures at 25 °C are reported. The solubility of salbutamol was found to increase with the addition of ethanol, and reached a maximum value at an ethanol volume fraction of 0.8. The solubility of salbutamol sulphate decreased with increasing ethanol concentration, and reached a minimum value in ethanol. The Jouyban-Acree model correlated the measured salbutamol and salbutamol sulphate solubility data to within mean relative deviations (MRD) of 3.4 and 13.4, respectively. Solubilities were predicted using previously trained models developed for crystalline non-electrolyte and electrolyte solutes. The trained models for non-electrolytes and electrolytes produced the prediction MRDs of 22.4 and 19.8, respectively. Crown Copyright © 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In the last decade, many malaria-endemic countries, like Zambia, have achieved significant reductions in malaria incidence among children <5 years old but face ongoing challenges in achieving similar progress against malaria in older age groups. In parts of Zambia, changing climatic and environmental factors are among those suspectedly behind high malaria incidence. Changes and variations in these factors potentially interfere with intervention program effectiveness and alter the distribution and incidence patterns of malaria differentially between young children and the rest of the population. We used parametric and non-parametric statistics to model the effects of climatic and socio-demographic variables on age-specific malaria incidence vis-à-vis control interventions. Linear regressions, mixed models, and Mann-Kendall tests were implemented to explore trends, changes in trends, and regress malaria incidence against environmental and intervention variables. Our study shows that while climate parameters affect the whole population, their impacts are felt most by people aged ≥5 years. Climate variables influenced malaria substantially more than mosquito nets and indoor residual spraying interventions. We establish that climate parameters negatively impact malaria control efforts by exacerbating the transmission conditions via more conducive temperature and rainfall environments, which are augmented by cultural and socioeconomic exposure mechanisms. We argue that an intensified communications and education intervention strategy for behavioural change specifically targeted at ≥5 aged population where incidence rates are increasing, is urgently required and call for further malaria stratification among the ≥5 age groups in the routine collection, analysis and reporting of malaria mortality and incidence data.

The Syr Darya is one of two major rivers in Central Asia supplying critical fresh water to the Aral Sea. In spite of the river's importance and agriculturally-intensive history, few studies have provided a modern evaluation of and the occurrence of pesticide residues potential effects to aquatic life. The primary goal of this investigation was to determine seasonal variations in ambient concentrations of modern and legacy pesticides in bottom sediment and water of the Syr Darya in Kazakhstan (KZ) downstream from an agriculturally-intensive watershed in Uzbekistan. Grab samples and passive samplers were used at five remote sampling stations during June 2015 to provide a baseline for ecotoxicological evaluation. Results were compared with samples collected during and after the agricultural growing season. Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were used in June and calibrated for time-weighted average concentrations of current use pesticides. Among legacy chlorinated pesticides measured in grab samples from the river, lindane (γ-HCH) was detected most frequently with the highest concentrations occurring during June. For all the sampling events, residues of lindane (γ-HCH) ranged from 0.014 to 0.24 μg/L detected in water samples, are among the highest concentrations reported for rivers globally. Concentrations of γ-HCH, p,p'-DDE and dieldrin were highest in October when dieldrin concentrations approached 0.4 μg/L. Sources of legacy pesticides may be either illicit upstream use or evidence of previous atmospheric contamination of glacial meltwater. Chronic exposure to these residues may lead to ecological risk to lower order organisms in both the sediment and water column.