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Ce document décrit les processus et les premiers résultats pour l'élaboration d'une feuille de route solaire pour la République du Togo, Afrique de l'Ouest. L'activité a suivi la procédure de l'aie/ISA décrite dans le document « Énergie solaire, cartographie de la route à suivre ». Le comité de développement de la feuille de route comprenait des membres du Togo, d'Europe, d'Asie et des États-Unis. L'activité a été lancée en 2020. L'élaboration de la feuille de route solaire du Togo a été divisée en quatre phases : planification et préparation ; vision ; élaboration de la feuille de route ; et mise en œuvre et révision de la feuille de route. Les 3 premières phases ont été achevées et sont rapportées dans cet article. L'objectif principal de la feuille de route est l'électricité solaire et le photovoltaïque. Este documento describe los procesos y los resultados iniciales para desarrollar una Hoja de Ruta Solar para la República de Togo, África Occidental. La actividad siguió el procedimiento de la AIE/ISA descrito en el documento "Energía solar, mapeo del camino a seguir". El comité de desarrollo de la hoja de ruta incluyó miembros de Togo, Europa, Asia y Estados Unidos. La actividad se inició en 2020. El desarrollo de la Hoja de Ruta Solar de Togo se dividió en cuatro fases: Planificación y preparación; Visión; Desarrollo de la Hoja de Ruta; e Implementación y revisión de la Hoja de Ruta. Las primeras 3 fases se han completado y se informan en este documento. El enfoque principal de la hoja de ruta es la electricidad solar y la energía fotovoltaica. This paper describes the processes and initial results for developing a Solar Roadmap for the Republic of Togo, West Africa. The activity followed the IEA/ISA procedure described in the "Solar Energy, Mapping the Road Ahead" document. The roadmap development committee included members from Togo, Europe, Asia, and the United States. The activity was initiated in 2020. The Togo Solar Roadmap development was divided into four Phases: Planning and preparation; Visioning; Roadmap Development; and Roadmap implementation and revision. The first 3 phases have been completed and are reported in this paper. The primary focus of the roadmap is on solar electricity and photovoltaics. تصف هذه الورقة العمليات والنتائج الأولية لوضع خارطة طريق للطاقة الشمسية لجمهورية توغو، غرب أفريقيا. اتبع النشاط إجراء وكالة الطاقة الدولية/السلطة الدولية لقاع البحار الموصوف في وثيقة "الطاقة الشمسية، رسم خريطة الطريق إلى الأمام". ضمت لجنة تطوير خارطة الطريق أعضاء من توغو وأوروبا وآسيا والولايات المتحدة. بدأ النشاط في عام 2020. تم تقسيم تطوير خارطة طريق الطاقة الشمسية في توغو إلى أربع مراحل: التخطيط والإعداد ؛ وضع الرؤية ؛ تطوير خارطة الطريق ؛ وتنفيذ خارطة الطريق ومراجعتها. تم الانتهاء من المراحل الثلاث الأولى ويتم الإبلاغ عنها في هذه الورقة. ينصب التركيز الأساسي لخارطة الطريق على الكهرباء الشمسية والخلايا الكهروضوئية.

The purpose of this review was to discuss challenges regarding model use in water energy food nexus analysis. Water, energy, and food (WEF) nexus analysis endeavors are relatively new. Modeling systems are just evolving and there are challenges that arise in performing high-quality analysis. We discuss many of these. Nexus modeling must represent and describe complex interrelationships among WEF systems. Modeling is a necessity as the nexus approach is about widening perspectives to unexplored levels. Nexus analysis systems must consider situations that vary from place to place and over time while integrating a family of models that address various components. Challenges arise in representing an appropriate geographic region while encompassing the relevant WEF using/producing activities along with heterogeneous, situation-specific, component interrelationships in a manner that supports decisions. Accounting for uncertainty and the evolution of population along with changes in biophysical, socioeconomic, economic, and climatic elements over time further compounds the challenge. In addition, challenges arise when one needs to describe previously unimplemented strategies both now and into an uncertain future represented by climate change, population growth, and other interacting forces. Comprehensive studies are needed to address these challenges and show the value of WEF nexus analysis. This paper addresses modeling-related challenges that arise when considering how to perform informative and accurate WEF nexus analyses.

Background: Production of rice and wheat increased dramatically in India over the past decades, with reduced proportion of coarse cereals in the food supply. Objective: We assess impacts of changes in cereal consumption in India on intake of iron and other micronutrients and whether increased consumption of coarse cereals could help alleviate anemia prevalence. Methods: With consumption data from over 800 000 households, we calculate intake of iron and other micronutrients from 84 food items from 1983 to 2011. We use mixed-effect models to relate state-level anemia prevalence in women and children to micronutrient consumption and household characteristics. Results: Coarse cereals reduced from 23% to 6% of calories from cereals in rural households (10% to 3% in urban households) between 1983 and 2011, with wide variations across states. Loss of iron from coarse cereals was only partially compensated by increased iron from other cereals and food groups, with a 21% (rural) and 11% (urban) net loss of total iron intake. Models indicate negative association between iron from cereals and anemia prevalence in women. The benefit from increased iron from coarse cereals is partially offset by the adverse effects from antinutrients. For children, anemia was negatively associated with heme–iron consumption but not with iron from cereals. Conclusions: Loss of coarse cereals in the Indian diet has substantially reduced iron intake without compensation from other food groups, particularly in states where rice rather than wheat replaced coarse cereals. Increased consumption of coarse cereals could reduce anemia prevalence in Indian women along with other interventions.

AbstractFood‐energy‐water (FEW) systems are increasingly vulnerable to natural hazards and climate change risks, yet humans depend on these systems for their daily needs, wellbeing, and survival. We investigated how adaptations related to FEW vulnerabilities are occurring and what the global community can learn about the interactions across these adaptations. We conducted a global analysis of a data set derived from scientific literature to present the first large scale assessment (n = 1,204) of evidence‐based FEW‐related climate adaptations. We found that the most frequently reported adaptations to FEW vulnerabilities by continent occurred in Africa (n = 495) and Asia (n = 492). Adaptations targeting food security were more robustly documented than those relevant to water and energy security, suggesting a greater global demand to address food security. Determining statistically significant associations, we found a network of connections between variables characterizing FEW‐related adaptations and showed interconnectedness between a variety of natural hazards, exposures, sectors, actors, cross‐cutting topics and geographic locations. Connectivity was found between the vulnerabilities food security, water, community sustainability, and response to sea level rise across cities, settlements, and key infrastructure sectors. Additionally, generalized linear regression models revealed potential synergies and tradeoffs among FEW adaptations, such as a necessity to synergistically adapt systems to protect food and water security and tradeoffs when simultaneously addressing exposures of consumption and production vs. poverty. Results from qualitative thematic coding showcased that adaptations documented as targeting multiple exposures are still limited in considering interconnectivity of systems and applying a nexus approach in their responses. These results suggest that adopting a nexus approach to future FEW‐related adaptations can have profound benefits in the management of scarce resources and with financial constraints.

Significance Consumption transfers energy and materials through food chains and fundamentally influences ecosystem productivity. Therefore, mapping the distribution of consumer feeding intensity is key to understanding how environmental changes influence biodiversity, with consequent effects on trophic transfer and top–down impacts through food webs. Our global comparison of standardized bait consumption in shallow coastal habitats finds a peak in feeding intensity away from the equator that is better explained by the presence of particular consumer families than by latitude or temperature. This study complements recent demonstrations that changes in biodiversity can have similar or larger impacts on ecological processes than those of climate.

BACKGROUND: Modeling suggests that climate change mitigation actions can have substantial human health benefits that accrue quickly and locally. Documenting the benefits can help drive more ambitious and health-protective climate change mitigation actions; however, documenting the adverse health effects can help to avoid them. Estimating the health effects of mitigation (HEM) actions can help policy makers prioritize investments based not only on mitigation potential but also on expected health benefits. To date, however, the wide range of incompatible approaches taken to developing and reporting HEM estimates has limited their comparability and usefulness to policymakers. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this effort was to generate guidance for modeling studies on scoping, estimating, and reporting population health effects from climate change mitigation actions. METHODS: An expert panel of HEM researchers was recruited to participate in developing guidance for conducting HEM studies. The primary literature and a synthesis of HEM studies were provided to the panel. Panel members then participated in a modified Delphi exercise to identify areas of consensus regarding HEM estimation. Finally, the panel met to review and discuss consensus findings, resolve remaining differences, and generate guidance regarding conducting HEM studies. RESULTS: The panel generated a checklist of recommendations regarding stakeholder engagement: HEM modeling, including model structure, scope and scale, demographics, time horizons, counterfactuals, health response functions, and metrics; parameterization and reporting; approaches to uncertainty and sensitivity analysis; accounting for policy uptake; and discounting. DISCUSSION: This checklist provides guidance for conducting and reporting HEM estimates to make them more comparable and useful for policymakers. Harmonization of HEM estimates has the potential to lead to advances in and improved synthesis of policy-relevant research that can inform evidence-based decision making and practice. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6745.