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Green roofs are an increasingly important component of water-sensitive urban design systems that can potentially improve the quality of urban runoff, reduce the energy consumption of buildings, and add esthetic value to the environment. The most important green roof abilities, which appear as a key feature in urban catchments are the ability of rainwater detention and retention and reduction in energy consumption. This paper aims to provide an overview of the effects of the application of the green roof strategy on the quality of runoff water and the reduction of energy consumption. The components of a green roof are discussed, and the advantages and disadvantages of different types of green roofs are assessed. In addition, the origins and concentrations of the main pollutants are discussed, moreover environmental cost-benefits of green roofs are also considered. In addition, the main factors that affect the quality of green roof runoff water, e.g., plant species, fertilization, pH, growth media as well as how green roofs could reduce energy consumption are discussed. Green roofs are considered as sustainable approach for runoff management with achieved aesthetical values and in combination with energy saving on heating/cooling. Hence, green roof causes a sufficient decrease in energy consumption and consequently in the related energy costs. It can help to improve the micro climate around the buildings and save money and also improve water quality. Therefore, green roofs may turn into a profitable investment. Some recommendations for future study also are proposed.

Abstract Worldwide, many estuaries have the potential to harness tidal stream energy via the conversion of current velocities into a consumable energy source. However, the effects of future sea level rise on the tidal stream energy resource within different estuary types are largely unknown. To address this knowledge gap, 978 idealised hydrodynamic simulations were carried out to first identify estuary types and the location of hotspots within them that are promising for tidal energy exploitation in present-day conditions, and then provide insights into the altered tidal stream energy of different estuary types under various future sea level rise and river inflow scenarios. The results indicate that, under sea level rise, the tidal stream energy of prismatic estuaries reduces more than that of converging estuaries. This implies that estuaries that are currently worth exploiting for tidal power may cease to be in the future due to accelerating sea level rise. Further, as sea level rise may bring about geomorphic adjustments, the spatial energy patterns within an estuary may shift and optimal energy sites may be eliminated or displaced. These climate change effects pose a serious challenge for the management of tidal energy generation in future. In this context, the findings of this study are of practical significance for decision-makers in designing long-term strategies for the development of tidal energy installations in estuaries under rising mean sea levels.

AbstractThis research examined the prevalence and intensity rate of ectoparasites that infected mangrove crab (Scyllasp.) at crab aquaculture area in Banda Aceh City, Indonesia. The study was conducted at three soft shell mangrove crab aquaculture in three different areas. Purposive sampling method was used within three aquaculture sites at Cot Langkeuweh, Gampoeng Blang, and Lamjabat village. The targeted organ was carapace, walk and swim leg and gill. Results showed that there were five parasites found from three family such asZoothamnium sp. Vorticella sp., and Epistylis sp. Octolasmis sp., andCopepoda sp.The highest prevalence rate wasEpistylis sp. with value of 50-60% whereas the lowest prevalence wasZoothamnium sp. andOctolasmis sp.with its value of 20%. The highest intensity level wasOctolasmis sp., andZoothamniumsp. with value of 8-11.3 ind/species, whereas the lowest intensity wasCopepoda sp. with value of 2 ind/species.

Abstract In this study we compare wave climates and their potential for wave energy conversion for the two energetic but quite different sites of Albany and Orkney. Energy capture is based on the M4 machine with well defined characteristics. The M4 machine is a self reacting system with 3 floats, each float with a circular cross-section when viewed from above. The smaller two floats are rigidly connected by a beam, and the largest float is connected to the mid float by a beam with a hinge. The machine generates power through the relative angular motion of this hinge above the middle float. The machine performance was previously assessed for various locations in the eastern North Atlantic including the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) site west of the Orkney Islands, Scotland, for wave power output (Santo et al., 2016a) and extreme response (Santo et al., 2017). In this study, we apply the analysis to a location off Albany on the south coast of western Australia, an area well-known for almost continuous exposure to long period swells. We use Australian Department of Transport (DOT) wave buoy data measured in 60 m of water over the period 2009 − 2017 . The hourly data is close to continuous but contains some gaps corresponding to ∼ 13% of the total duration, these are patched to form a continuous wave record. Having sized the machine based on mean wave period, extreme wave height statistical analysis is performed using storm-based identification and a peaks-over-threshold technique, following Santo et al. (2016b), providing information relevant for any wave energy converter at the location. From operability and power scheme economics, we then compare the optimal size of machine, practical power output and the associated variability in power produced by an M4 machine at Albany to the open North Atlantic location off the Orkneys. This is performed with the methodology outlined in Santo et al. (2016a). For survivability, it is important to identify extremes of machine motion. Hence, extreme responses are also compared for the central hinge angle of the machine in survival mode with the power take-off turned off. We find that a much larger machine is required at Albany, because of the longer waves compared to Orkney. However, at the two very different locations the power/cost ratios are similar.

Abstract Venturi Marine Current Energy Device (VMCED) is a current energy converter, which is focused in this research that aimed to harness the continuous movement of ocean current. It focuses on the venture effect to increase the efficiency of the flow velocity in resulting higher output energy from the ocean current. This research aimed to identify the best potential location of Malaysian waters to deploy the device. A computational fluid dynamic analysis was conducted in this study considering two important parameters i.e. velocity and differential pressure in the VMCED. These parameters were adopted in the analysis to measure the highest velocity and pressure differential. Among of the locations in Malaysia analysed in this study, it is to conclude that VMCED is best to be deployed in Straits of Malacca. This location measured the highest velocity and differential pressure of ocean current compared to others.

Declaración del problema: Un impacto ambiental adverso del crecimiento urbano en Malasia ha sido el deterioro en varios cursos de agua debido a la sedimentación severa y otros contaminantes del sitio de construcción. El monitoreo de la calidad del agua es un plan para que los tomadores de decisiones tengan en cuenta los impactos adversos de las actividades de construcción en los cuerpos de agua receptores. También es un proceso para recopilar el monitoreo de la calidad del agua de construcción, los datos de referencia y el nivel estándar. Enfoque: En los últimos años, los sistemas expertos se han utilizado ampliamente en diferentes áreas de aplicación, incluido el medio ambiente estudios.En este estudio, se introdujo el software de sistema experto -CWQM-desarrollado mediante el uso de Microsoft Visual Basic.CWQM para ser utilizado para el monitoreo de la calidad del agua durante las actividades de construcción fue diseñado en base al proceso legal en Malasia.Resultados: De acuerdo con la regulación de monitoreo de la calidad del agua promulgada en Malasia, las actividades de construcción requieren planes obligatorios de monitoreo de la calidad del agua debidamente aprobados por el Departamento de Medio Ambiente antes de comenzar las actividades.CWQM tiene como objetivo principal proporcionar un sistema educativo y de apoyo para los ingenieros de monitoreo de la calidad del agua y los tomadores de decisiones durante las actividades de construcción. Muestra el plan de monitoreo de la calidad del agua en forma de informe, agua ubicación de muestreo en formato SIG y datos de monitoreo de la calidad del agua en el gráfico.Conclusión: Cuando el uso de CWQM en el monitoreo de la calidad del agua de construcción se generaliza, es muy posible que se beneficie en términos de tener decisiones más precisas y objetivas sobre proyectos de construcción que se centran principalmente en reducir la contaminación de las aguas pluviales. Énoncé du problème : Un impact environnemental fâcheux de la croissance urbaine en Malaisie a été la détérioration d'un certain nombre de cours d'eau en raison de l'envasement sévère et d'autres polluants du chantier de construction. La surveillance de la qualité de l'eau est un plan permettant aux décideurs de prendre en compte les impacts négatifs des activités de construction sur les plans d'eau récepteurs. C'est également un processus de collecte de la surveillance de la qualité de l'eau de construction, des données de référence et du niveau standard. Approche : Ces dernières années, les systèmes experts ont été largement utilisés dans différents domaines d'application, y compris l'environnement studies.In this study, expert system software -CWQM-developed by using Microsoft Visual Basic was introduced.CWQM to be used for water quality monitoring during construction activities was designed based on the legal process in Malaysia.Results : According to the water quality monitoring regulation enacted in Malaysia, construction activities require mandatory water quality monitoring plans properly approved by Department of Environment before staring activities.CWQM primarily aims to provide educational and support system for water quality monitoring engineers and decision-makers during construction activities.It displays water quality monitoring plan in report form, water lieu d'échantillonnage au format SIG et données de suivi de la qualité de l'eau dans le graphique.Conclusion : Lorsque l'utilisation de la CWQM dans le suivi de la qualité de l'eau de construction se généralisera, il est fort possible qu'elle soit bénéfique en termes de décisions plus précises et objectives sur les projets de construction qui sont principalement axés sur la réduction de la pollution des eaux pluviales. Problem statement: An untoward environmental impact of urban growth in Malaysia has been deterioration in a number of watercourses due to severe siltation and other pollutants from the construction site.Water quality monitoring is a plan for decision makers to take into account the adverse impacts of construction activities on the receiving water bodies.It is also a process for collecting the construction water quality monitoring, baseline data and standard level.Approach: In recent years, expert systems have been used extensively in different applications areas including environmental studies.In this study, expert system software -CWQM-developed by using Microsoft Visual Basic was introduced.CWQM to be used for water quality monitoring during construction activities was designed based on the legal process in Malaysia.Results: According to the water quality monitoring regulation enacted in Malaysia, construction activities require mandatory water quality monitoring plans duly approved by Department of Environment before staring activities.CWQM primarily aims to provide educational and support system for water quality monitoring engineers and decision-makers during construction activities.It displays water quality monitoring plan in report form, water sampling location in GIS format and water quality monitoring data in graph.Conclusion: When the use of CWQM in construction water quality monitoring becomes widespread, it is highly possible that it will be benefited in terms of having more accurate and objective decisions on construction projects which are mainly focused on reducing the stormwater pollution. بيان المشكلة: كان التأثير البيئي غير المرغوب فيه للنمو الحضري في ماليزيا هو التدهور في عدد من المجاري المائية بسبب الطمي الشديد والملوثات الأخرى من موقع البناء. مراقبة جودة المياه هي خطة لصانعي القرار لمراعاة الآثار السلبية لأنشطة البناء على المسطحات المائية المستقبلة. إنها أيضًا عملية لجمع مراقبة جودة مياه البناء وبيانات خط الأساس والمستوى القياسي .النهج: في السنوات الأخيرة، تم استخدام أنظمة الخبراء على نطاق واسع في مجالات التطبيقات المختلفة بما في ذلك البيئة الدراسات. في هذه الدراسة، تم تقديم برنامج نظام خبير - CWQM - تم تطويره باستخدام Microsoft Visual Basic. تم تصميم CWQM لاستخدامه في مراقبة جودة المياه أثناء أنشطة البناء بناءً على العملية القانونية في ماليزيا. النتائج: وفقًا للائحة مراقبة جودة المياه التي تم سنها في ماليزيا، تتطلب أنشطة البناء خططًا إلزامية لمراقبة جودة المياه معتمدة حسب الأصول من قبل وزارة البيئة قبل أنشطة التحديق. يهدف CWQM في المقام الأول إلى توفير نظام تعليمي وداعم لمهندسي مراقبة جودة المياه وصناع القرار أثناء أنشطة البناء. يعرض خطة مراقبة جودة المياه في نموذج التقرير، المياه موقع أخذ العينات في شكل نظم المعلومات الجغرافية وبيانات مراقبة جودة المياه في الرسم البياني .الخلاصة: عندما يصبح استخدام CWQM في مراقبة جودة مياه البناء منتشرًا على نطاق واسع، فمن الممكن جدًا أن يستفيد من حيث اتخاذ قرارات أكثر دقة وموضوعية بشأن مشاريع البناء التي تركز بشكل أساسي على الحد من تلوث مياه الأمطار.

Abstract Inspired by migratory graying, Pan et al. proposed the fish migration optimization (FMO) algorithm. It integrates the models of migration and swim into the optimization process. This paper firstly proposes a binary version of FMO, called BFMO. In order to improve the search ability of BFMO, ABFMO is introduced to solve the problems of stagnation and falling into local traps. The transfer function is responsible for mapping the continuous search space to the binary space. It plays a critical factor in the binary meta-heuristics. This paper brings a new transfer function and compares it with the transfer functions used by BPSO, BGSA and BGWO. Experiments prove that the new transfer function has realized good results in the solving quality. Unit commitment (UC) is a NP-hard binary optimization problem. BFMO and ABFMO are tested with the IEEE benchmark systems consisting of various generating units with 24-h demand horizon. The effectivenesses of BFMO and ABFMO are compared with seven binary evolutionary algorithms. The simulation results and non-parametric tests verify that they achieve great performance.