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Caribbean Corals in Crisis: Record Thermal Stress, Bleaching, and Mortality in 2005

الشعاب المرجانية الكاريبية في أزمة: سجل الإجهاد الحراري والتبييض والوفيات في عام 2005
Authors: Robert N. Ginsburg; Erich Mueller; David I. Kline; David I. Kline; Hazel A. Oxenford; Kim B. Ritchie; Shannon Gore; +64 Authors

Caribbean Corals in Crisis: Record Thermal Stress, Bleaching, and Mortality in 2005

Abstract

La hausse de la température des océans du monde est devenue une menace majeure pour les récifs coralliens à l'échelle mondiale à mesure que la gravité et la fréquence du blanchiment massif des coraux et des événements de mortalité augmentent. En 2005, les températures océaniques élevées dans l'Atlantique tropical et les Caraïbes ont entraîné l'événement de blanchiment le plus grave jamais enregistré dans le bassin. Les outils basés sur les satellites ont fourni des avertissements aux gestionnaires de récifs coralliens et aux scientifiques, guidant à la fois le moment et l'emplacement des observations sur le terrain des chercheurs alors que des conditions anormalement chaudes se développaient et se répandaient dans la grande région des Caraïbes de juin à octobre 2005. Les enquêtes de terrain sur le blanchiment et la mortalité ont dépassé les efforts antérieurs en détail et en étendue, et ont fourni une nouvelle norme pour documenter les effets du blanchiment et pour tester les prévisions actuelles et les produits de prévision. Des collaborateurs de 22 pays ont entrepris la documentation la plus complète à ce jour sur le blanchiment à l'échelle du bassin et ont constaté que plus de 80 % des coraux blanchis et plus de 40 % sont morts sur de nombreux sites. Le blanchiment le plus sévère a coïncidé avec les eaux les plus proches d'une piscine chaude de l'Atlantique occidental qui était centrée à l'extrémité nord des Petites Antilles. Le stress thermique au cours de l'événement de 2005 a dépassé tout ce qui a été observé dans les Caraïbes au cours des 20 années précédentes, et les températures moyennes régionales ont été les plus chaudes depuis plus de 150 ans. La comparaison des données satellitaires avec les enquêtes sur le terrain a démontré une relation prédictive significative entre le stress thermique accumulé (mesuré à l'aide des semaines de chauffage de degré de NOAA Coral Reef Watch) et l'intensité de blanchiment. Ce blanchissement et cette mortalité sévères et généralisés auront sans aucun doute des conséquences à long terme sur les écosystèmes récifaux et suggèrent un avenir troublé pour les écosystèmes marins tropicaux sous un climat qui se réchauffe.

El aumento de la temperatura de los océanos del mundo se ha convertido en una gran amenaza para los arrecifes de coral a nivel mundial a medida que aumentan la gravedad y la frecuencia de la decoloración masiva de los corales y los eventos de mortalidad. En 2005, las altas temperaturas oceánicas en el Atlántico tropical y el Caribe dieron lugar al evento de blanqueamiento más severo jamás registrado en la cuenca. Las herramientas basadas en satélites proporcionaron advertencias para los administradores y científicos de arrecifes de coral, guiando tanto el momento como la ubicación de las observaciones de campo de los investigadores a medida que se desarrollaron condiciones anómalamente cálidas y se extendieron por toda la región del Gran Caribe de junio a octubre de 2005. Las encuestas de campo sobre blanqueamiento y mortalidad superaron los esfuerzos previos en detalle y extensión, y proporcionaron un nuevo estándar para documentar los efectos del blanqueamiento y para probar productos pronosticados y pronosticados. Colaboradores de 22 países llevaron a cabo la documentación más completa sobre el blanqueamiento a escala de cuenca hasta la fecha y descubrieron que más del 80% de los corales blanqueados y más del 40% murieron en muchos sitios. El blanqueamiento más severo coincidió con las aguas más cercanas a una piscina cálida del Atlántico occidental que se centraba en el extremo norte de las Antillas Menores. El estrés térmico durante el evento de 2005 superó cualquier temperatura observada en el Caribe en los 20 años anteriores, y las temperaturas promedio regionales fueron las más cálidas en más de 150 años. La comparación de los datos satelitales con los estudios de campo demostró una relación predictiva significativa entre el estrés por calor acumulado (medido utilizando las semanas de calentamiento de grado de NOAA Coral Reef Watch) y la intensidad del blanqueamiento. Este severo y generalizado blanqueamiento y mortalidad sin duda tendrá consecuencias a largo plazo para los ecosistemas de arrecifes y sugiere un futuro problemático para los ecosistemas marinos tropicales bajo un clima más cálido.

The rising temperature of the world's oceans has become a major threat to coral reefs globally as the severity and frequency of mass coral bleaching and mortality events increase. In 2005, high ocean temperatures in the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean resulted in the most severe bleaching event ever recorded in the basin.Satellite-based tools provided warnings for coral reef managers and scientists, guiding both the timing and location of researchers' field observations as anomalously warm conditions developed and spread across the greater Caribbean region from June to October 2005. Field surveys of bleaching and mortality exceeded prior efforts in detail and extent, and provided a new standard for documenting the effects of bleaching and for testing nowcast and forecast products. Collaborators from 22 countries undertook the most comprehensive documentation of basin-scale bleaching to date and found that over 80% of corals bleached and over 40% died at many sites. The most severe bleaching coincided with waters nearest a western Atlantic warm pool that was centered off the northern end of the Lesser Antilles.Thermal stress during the 2005 event exceeded any observed from the Caribbean in the prior 20 years, and regionally-averaged temperatures were the warmest in over 150 years. Comparison of satellite data against field surveys demonstrated a significant predictive relationship between accumulated heat stress (measured using NOAA Coral Reef Watch's Degree Heating Weeks) and bleaching intensity. This severe, widespread bleaching and mortality will undoubtedly have long-term consequences for reef ecosystems and suggests a troubled future for tropical marine ecosystems under a warming climate.

أصبح ارتفاع درجة حرارة محيطات العالم تهديدًا كبيرًا للشعاب المرجانية على مستوى العالم مع زيادة شدة وتواتر أحداث ابيضاض المرجان الجماعي والوفيات. في عام 2005، أدت درجات حرارة المحيطات المرتفعة في المحيط الأطلسي الاستوائي ومنطقة البحر الكاريبي إلى أشد حدث تبييض تم تسجيله على الإطلاق في الحوض. قدمت الأدوات القائمة على الأقمار الصناعية تحذيرات لمديري وعلماء الشعاب المرجانية، حيث وجهت توقيت وموقع الملاحظات الميدانية للباحثين حيث تطورت الظروف الدافئة بشكل غير طبيعي وانتشرت في جميع أنحاء منطقة البحر الكاريبي الكبرى من يونيو إلى أكتوبر 2005. تجاوزت المسوحات الميدانية للتبييض والوفيات الجهود السابقة بالتفصيل والمدى، ووفرت معيارًا جديدًا لتوثيق آثار التبييض واختبار المنتجات الآنية والمتوقعة. أجرى المتعاونون من 22 دولة التوثيق الأكثر شمولاً للتبييض على نطاق الحوض حتى الآن ووجدوا أن أكثر من 80 ٪ من الشعاب المرجانية المبيضة وأكثر من 40 ٪ ماتوا في العديد من المواقع. تزامن التبييض الأكثر شدة مع المياه الأقرب إلى بركة دافئة في غرب المحيط الأطلسي كانت متمركزة قبالة الطرف الشمالي لجزر الأنتيل الصغرى. تجاوز الإجهاد الحراري خلال حدث عام 2005 أي حالة لوحظت من منطقة البحر الكاريبي في السنوات العشرين السابقة، وكانت درجات الحرارة المتوسطة إقليميًا هي الأكثر دفئًا منذ أكثر من 150 عامًا. أظهرت مقارنة بيانات الأقمار الصناعية بالمسوحات الميدانية وجود علاقة تنبؤية كبيرة بين الإجهاد الحراري المتراكم (الذي تم قياسه باستخدام أسابيع التسخين بدرجة ساعة الشعاب المرجانية التابعة للإدارة الوطنية للمحيطات والغلاف الجوي) وشدة التبييض. مما لا شك فيه أن هذا التبييض والوفيات الشديدة والواسعة النطاق سيكون لها عواقب طويلة الأجل على النظم الإيكولوجية للشعاب المرجانية وتشير إلى مستقبل مضطرب للنظم الإيكولوجية البحرية الاستوائية في ظل مناخ دافئ.

Countries
United Kingdom, United States, Australia, United States, United Kingdom, United Kingdom
Keywords

Coral reefs, 550, Climate, Reef, physiological, Sea surface temperature, Diseases, 551, Oceanography, Caribbean Sea, geography, survival analysis, stress, 1100 Agricultural and Biological Sciences, water movements, veterinary and food sciences not elsewhere classified, Climate change, US Virgin Islands, Global and Planetary Change, Other agricultural, Ecology, Geography, Coral Reefs, Ocean acidification, Q, R, Temperature, Geology, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Coral reef, Anthozoa, Caribbean region, Latin Americans, FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion, animals, climate change, Caribbean Region, Coral bleaching, Corals, Physical Sciences, anthozoa, Medicine, Bleaching, coral reefs, temperature effects, Ecology and Conservation of Marine Mammals, Research Article, Environmental Monitoring, 570, 1300 Biochemistry, Ocean temperature, Science, Oceans and Seas, Fisheries, Marine Biology, caribbean region, oceans and seas, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Environment, Severity, Environmental science, Stress, Physiological, Water Movements, Animals, climate, Biology, Ecosystem, environmental monitoring, Caribbean, ecosystem, Event, Resilience of Coral Reef Ecosystems to Climate Change, temperature, Linguistics, bleaching, FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences, Survival Analysis, Hurricanes, Surface temperature, Philosophy, CCMI, FOS: Biological sciences, Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Fisheries, Environmental Science, FOS: Languages and literature, Thermal stresses, Coral

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    influence
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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
694
Top 0.1%
Top 1%
Top 0.1%
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