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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ana López‐Ballesteros; Johannes Beck; Antonio Bombelli; Elisa Grieco; +16 Authors

    Il existe actuellement un manque d'observations représentatives, systématiques et harmonisées des gaz à effet de serre (GES) couvrant la variété des biomes naturels et modifiés par l'homme qui se produisent en Afrique. Cela entrave l'évaluation à long terme des moteurs du changement climatique, en plus de leurs impacts et de leurs boucles de rétroaction à l'échelle continentale, mais limite également notre compréhension de la contribution du continent africain au cycle mondial du carbone (C). Compte tenu de la transformation actuelle et prévue des conditions socio-économiques en Afrique (c'est-à-dire la tendance croissante de l'urbanisation et de la croissance démographique) et des impacts négatifs du changement climatique, le développement d'une infrastructure de recherche (IR) sur les GES est nécessaire pour soutenir la conception de stratégies d'atténuation et d'adaptation appropriées nécessaires pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire, énergétique, nutritionnelle et économique de la population africaine. Ce document présente les premiers résultats du projet SEACRIFOG UE-Afrique, qui vise à concevoir une IR d'observation des GES pour l'Afrique. Les premières étapes de ce projet comprenaient l'identification et l'engagement des principales parties prenantes, la définition du cadre de suivi conceptuel et une évaluation des capacités infrastructurelles existantes. Les commentaires des secteurs des parties prenantes ont été obtenus lors de trois ateliers de consultation des parties prenantes tenus au Kenya, au Ghana et en Zambie. Les principales préoccupations identifiées étaient la qualité et l'accessibilité des données, le besoin de renforcement des capacités et de mise en réseau de la communauté scientifique, et l'adaptation au changement climatique, qui a été confirmée comme une priorité pour l'Afrique. Ces commentaires, en plus des contributions d'experts dans les domaines thématiques atmosphériques, terrestres et océaniques, ont facilité la sélection d'un ensemble de « variables essentielles » qui doivent être mesurées dans le futur IR environnemental. Un inventaire de 47 réseaux existants et prévus à travers le continent a permis d'évaluer les besoins et les lacunes actuels des IR en Afrique. Dans l'ensemble, le développement d'un IR panafricain harmonisé et standardisé servira à relever les principaux défis sociétaux et scientifiques du continent grâce à une synergie intersectorielle potentielle entre les réseaux existants et prévus aux échelles régionale, continentale et mondiale. Actualmente hay una falta de observaciones representativas, sistemáticas y armonizadas de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) que cubran la variedad de biomas naturales y humanos alterados que se producen en África. Esto impide la evaluación a largo plazo de los impulsores del cambio climático, además de sus impactos y ciclos de retroalimentación a escala continental, pero también limita nuestra comprensión de la contribución del continente africano al ciclo global del carbono (C). Dada la transformación actual y proyectada de las condiciones socioeconómicas en África (es decir, la tendencia creciente de la urbanización y el crecimiento de la población) y los impactos adversos del cambio climático, se necesita el desarrollo de una infraestructura de investigación (IR) de GEI para apoyar el diseño de estrategias adecuadas de mitigación y adaptación necesarias para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria, energética, nutricional y económica de la población africana. Este documento presenta los resultados iniciales del proyecto SEACRIFOG UE-África, que tiene como objetivo diseñar un RI de observación de GEI para África. Las primeras etapas de este proyecto incluyeron la identificación y participación de las partes interesadas clave, la definición del marco conceptual de monitoreo y una evaluación de la capacidad de infraestructura existente. Los comentarios de los sectores interesados se obtuvieron a través de tres talleres de consulta a las partes interesadas celebrados en Kenia, Ghana y Zambia. Las principales preocupaciones identificadas fueron la calidad y accesibilidad de los datos, la necesidad de desarrollar capacidades y establecer redes entre la comunidad científica, y la adaptación al cambio climático, que se confirmó como una prioridad para África. Esta retroalimentación, además de los aportes de expertos en las áreas temáticas atmosférica, terrestre y oceánica, facilitó la selección de un conjunto de "variables esenciales" que deben medirse en la futura IR ambiental. Un inventario de 47 redes existentes y planificadas en todo el continente permitió evaluar las necesidades y brechas actuales de RI en África. En general, el desarrollo de una IR panafricana armonizada y estandarizada servirá para abordar los principales desafíos sociales y científicos del continente a través de una posible sinergia entre dominios entre las redes existentes y planificadas a escala regional, continental y global. There is currently a lack of representative, systematic and harmonised greenhouse gas (GHG) observations covering the variety of natural and human-altered biomes that occur in Africa. This impedes the long-term assessment of the drivers of climate change, in addition to their impacts and feedback loops at the continental scale, but also limits our understanding of the contribution of the African continent to the global carbon (C) cycle. Given the current and projected transformation of socio-economic conditions in Africa (i.e. the increasing trend of urbanisation and population growth) and the adverse impacts of climate change, the development of a GHG research infrastructure (RI) is needed to support the design of suitable mitigation and adaptation strategies required to assure food, fuel, nutrition and economic security for the African population. This paper presents the initial results of the EU-African SEACRIFOG project, which aims to design a GHG observation RI for Africa. The first stages of this project included the identification and engagement of key stakeholders, the definition of the conceptual monitoring framework and an assessment of existing infrastructural capacity. Feedback from stakeholder sectors was obtained through three Stakeholder Consultation Workshops held in Kenya, Ghana and Zambia. Main concerns identified were data quality and accessibility, the need for capacity building and networking among the scientific community, and adaptation to climate change, which was confirmed to be a priority for Africa. This feedback in addition to input from experts in the atmospheric, terrestrial and oceanic thematic areas, facilitated the selection of a set of 'essential variables' that need to be measured in the future environmental RI. An inventory of 47 existing and planned networks across the continent allowed for an assessment of the current RIs needs and gaps in Africa. Overall, the development of a harmonised and standardised pan-African RI will serve to address the continent's primary societal and scientific challenges through a potential cross-domain synergy among existing and planned networks at regional, continental and global scales. يوجد حاليًا نقص في الملاحظات التمثيلية والمنهجية والمنسقة لغازات الدفيئة (GHG) التي تغطي مجموعة متنوعة من المناطق الأحيائية الطبيعية والمعدلة بشريًا التي تحدث في إفريقيا. وهذا يعيق التقييم طويل الأجل لدوافع تغير المناخ، بالإضافة إلى آثارها وحلقات التغذية الراجعة على المستوى القاري، ولكنه يحد أيضًا من فهمنا لمساهمة القارة الأفريقية في دورة الكربون العالمية. بالنظر إلى التحول الحالي والمتوقع للظروف الاجتماعية والاقتصادية في أفريقيا (أي الاتجاه المتزايد للتحضر والنمو السكاني) والآثار السلبية لتغير المناخ، هناك حاجة إلى تطوير بنية تحتية لبحوث غازات الدفيئة (RI) لدعم تصميم استراتيجيات التخفيف والتكيف المناسبة المطلوبة لضمان الغذاء والوقود والتغذية والأمن الاقتصادي للسكان الأفارقة. تعرض هذه الورقة النتائج الأولية لمشروع SEACRIFOG المشترك بين الاتحاد الأوروبي وأفريقيا، والذي يهدف إلى تصميم مؤشر مرجعي لرصد غازات الدفيئة في أفريقيا. تضمنت المراحل الأولى من هذا المشروع تحديد أصحاب المصلحة الرئيسيين وإشراكهم، وتحديد إطار الرصد المفاهيمي وتقييم قدرات البنية التحتية الحالية. تم الحصول على تعليقات من قطاعات أصحاب المصلحة من خلال ثلاث ورش عمل تشاورية لأصحاب المصلحة عقدت في كينيا وغانا وزامبيا. وتمثلت الشواغل الرئيسية التي تم تحديدها في جودة البيانات وإمكانية الوصول إليها، والحاجة إلى بناء القدرات والتواصل بين الأوساط العلمية، والتكيف مع تغير المناخ، الذي تأكد أنه يمثل أولوية بالنسبة لأفريقيا. هذه التغذية الراجعة بالإضافة إلى مدخلات الخبراء في المجالات المواضيعية الجوية والبرية والمحيطية، سهلت اختيار مجموعة من "المتغيرات الأساسية" التي يجب قياسها في RI البيئي المستقبلي. أتاح جرد 47 شبكة قائمة ومخططة في جميع أنحاء القارة إجراء تقييم لاحتياجات منظمات الإغاثة الدولية الحالية والثغرات في أفريقيا. بشكل عام، سيعمل تطوير RI متناسق وموحد لعموم إفريقيا على معالجة التحديات المجتمعية والعلمية الأساسية للقارة من خلال التآزر المحتمل عبر المجالات بين الشبكات القائمة والمخطط لها على المستويات الإقليمية والقارية والعالمية.

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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Environmental Research Letters
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    Environmental Research Letters
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    Environmental Research Letters
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  • Authors: Antonio Bombelli; Matieu Henry; Simona Castaldi; Stephen Adu‐Bredu; +9 Authors

    Résumé. Cette étude présente un aperçu sommaire du bilan carbone de l'Afrique subsaharienne (Ass) en synthétisant les données disponibles des communications nationales à la CCNUCC et les premiers résultats du projet CarboAfrica (productivité nette des écosystèmes et émissions provenant des incendies, de la déforestation et de la dégradation des forêts, par estimation sur le terrain et par modèle). Selon ces estimations préliminaires, le bilan carbone global de la SSA varie de 0,43 Pg C y−1 (en utilisant des mesures in situ pour la NEP de la savane) à un puits beaucoup plus élevé de 2,53 Pg C y−1 (en utilisant des estimations de modèle pour la NEP de la savane). Les estimations de la CCNUCC conduisent à un puits de carbone modéré de 0,58 Pg C y−1. En excluant les perturbations anthropiques et les événements épisodiques intrinsèques, l'absorption de carbone par les forêts (0,98 Pg C y−1) et les savanes (de 1,38 à 3,48 Pg C y−1, selon la méthodologie utilisée) sont les principales composantes de l'effet puits SSA. Les incendies (0,72 Pg C y−1), la déforestation (0,25 Pg C y−1) et la dégradation des forêts (0,77 Pg C y−1) sont les principaux contributeurs aux émissions de carbone de l'Afrique subsaharienne, tandis que le secteur agricole ne contribue qu'avec 0,12 Pg C y−1. Notamment, l'impact de la dégradation des forêts est plus élevé que celui causé par la déforestation, et le bilan carbone net forestier de l'Ass est proche de l'équilibre. Les savanes jouent un rôle majeur dans la formation du bilan carbone de l'Afrique subsaharienne, en raison de leur grande étendue, de leur régime d'incendie et de leur forte variabilité interannuelle de la NEP, mais elles constituent également une incertitude majeure dans le budget global. Cet article montre que l'Afrique joue un rôle clé dans le système mondial du cycle du carbone et pourrait probablement avoir un potentiel de séquestration du carbone plus élevé que prévu, même s'il reste très incertain. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires, en particulier pour mieux aborder le rôle des savanes et des forêts tropicales. Le réseau actuel de mesures du carbone de CarboAfrica pourrait fournir de futurs ensembles de données uniques pour mieux estimer le bilan carbone africain. Resumen. Este estudio presenta una visión general resumida del balance de carbono del África subsahariana (SSA) mediante la síntesis de los datos disponibles de las comunicaciones nacionales a la CMNUCC y los primeros resultados del proyecto CarboAfrica (productividad neta del ecosistema y emisiones de incendios, deforestación y degradación forestal, por estimaciones de campo y modelo). De acuerdo con estas estimaciones preliminares, el balance general de carbono de SSA varía de 0.43 Pg C y−1 (utilizando mediciones in situ para NEP de sabana) a un sumidero mucho mayor de 2.53 Pg C y−1 (utilizando estimaciones modelo para NEP de sabana). Las estimaciones de la CMNUCC conducen a un sumidero de carbono moderado de 0,58 Pg C y−1. Excluyendo la perturbación antropogénica y los eventos episódicos intrínsecos, la absorción de carbono por los bosques (0.98 Pg C y−1) y las sabanas (de 1.38 a 3.48 Pg C y−1, dependiendo de la metodología utilizada) son los principales componentes del efecto sumidero de SSA. Los incendios (0.72 Pg C y−1), la deforestación (0.25 Pg C y−1) y la degradación forestal (0.77 Pg C y−1) son los principales contribuyentes a las emisiones de carbono SSA, mientras que el sector agrícola contribuye solo con 0.12 Pg C y−1. En particular, el impacto de la degradación forestal es mayor que el causado por la deforestación, y el balance neto de carbono del bosque SSA está cerca del equilibrio. Las sabanas desempeñan un papel importante en la configuración del equilibrio de carbono de la SSA, debido a su gran extensión territorial, su régimen de incendios y su fuerte variabilidad interanual de la NEP, pero también son una gran incertidumbre en el presupuesto general. Este documento muestra que África desempeña un papel clave en el sistema global del ciclo del carbono y probablemente podría tener un potencial de secuestro de carbono superior al esperado, aunque todavía muy incierto. Se necesitan más investigaciones, en particular para abordar mejor el papel de las sabanas y los bosques tropicales. La red actual de mediciones de carbono de CarboAfrica podría proporcionar futuros conjuntos de datos únicos para estimar mejor el balance de carbono africano. ملخص. تقدم هذه الدراسة لمحة عامة موجزة عن توازن الكربون في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى (SSA) من خلال توليف البيانات المتاحة من البلاغات الوطنية المقدمة إلى اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة الإطارية بشأن تغير المناخ والنتائج الأولى من مشروع CarboAfrica (صافي إنتاجية النظام الإيكولوجي والانبعاثات الناجمة عن الحرائق وإزالة الغابات وتدهور الغابات، حسب التقديرات الميدانية والنموذجية). وفقًا لهذه التقديرات الأولية، يتراوح رصيد الكربون الإجمالي لـ SSA من 0.43 Pg C y−1 (باستخدام قياسات في الموقع لـ SAVANA NEP) إلى حوض أعلى بكثير من 2.53 Pg C y−1 (باستخدام تقديرات نموذجية لـ SAVANA NEP). تؤدي تقديرات اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة الإطارية بشأن تغير المناخ إلى بالوعة كربون معتدلة تبلغ 0.58 بيكوغرام من الكربون -1. وباستثناء الاضطرابات البشرية المنشأ والأحداث العرضية الجوهرية، فإن امتصاص الكربون من قبل الغابات (0.98 بيكوغرام من الكربون في السنة-1) والسافانا (من 1.38 إلى 3.48 بيكوغرام من الكربون في السنة-1، اعتمادًا على المنهجية المستخدمة) هي المكونات الرئيسية لتأثير بالوعة منطقة جنوب الصحراء الكبرى. الحرائق (0.72 Pg C y−1) وإزالة الغابات (0.25 Pg C y−1) وتدهور الغابات (0.77 Pg C y−1) هي العوامل الرئيسية المساهمة في انبعاثات الكربون في منطقة جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، بينما يساهم القطاع الزراعي فقط بـ 0.12 Pg C y−1. والجدير بالذكر أن تأثير تدهور الغابات أعلى من ذلك الناجم عن إزالة الغابات، كما أن توازن الكربون الصافي للغابات في منطقة جنوب الصحراء الكبرى يقترب من التوازن. تلعب السافانا دورًا رئيسيًا في تشكيل توازن الكربون في منطقة جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، نظرًا لمساحتها الكبيرة، ونظام الحريق الخاص بها، وتقلبها القوي في NEP بين السنوات، ولكنها أيضًا تشكل عدم يقين كبير في الميزانية الإجمالية. تُظهر هذه الورقة أن أفريقيا تلعب دورًا رئيسيًا في نظام دورة الكربون العالمي وربما يمكن أن يكون لديها إمكانية لعزل الكربون أعلى من المتوقع، حتى لو كان لا يزال غير مؤكد إلى حد كبير. هناك حاجة إلى مزيد من التحقيقات، لا سيما لمعالجة دور السافانا والغابات الاستوائية بشكل أفضل. يمكن لشبكة CarboAfrica الحالية لقياسات الكربون أن توفر مجموعات بيانات فريدة في المستقبل لتقدير توازن الكربون الأفريقي بشكل أفضل. Abstract. This study presents a summary overview of the carbon balance of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) by synthesizing the available data from national communications to UNFCCC and first results from the project CarboAfrica (net ecosystem productivity and emissions from fires, deforestation and forest degradation, by field and model estimates). According to these preliminary estimates the overall carbon balance of SSA varies from 0.43 Pg C y−1 (using in situ measurements for savanna NEP) to a much higher sink of 2.53 Pg C y−1 (using model estimates for savanna NEP). UNFCCC estimates lead to a moderate carbon sink of 0.58 Pg C y−1. Excluding anthropogenic disturbance and intrinsic episodic events, the carbon uptake by forests (0.98 Pg C y−1) and savannas (from 1.38 to 3.48 Pg C y−1, depending on the used methodology) are the main components of the SSA sink effect. Fires (0.72 Pg C y−1), deforestation (0.25 Pg C y−1) and forest degradation (0.77 Pg C y−1) are the main contributors to the SSA carbon emissions, while the agricultural sector contributes only with 0.12 Pg C y−1. Notably, the impact of forest degradation is higher than that caused by deforestation, and the SSA forest net carbon balance is close to equilibrium. Savannas play a major role in shaping the SSA carbon balance, due to their large areal extent, their fire regime, and their strong interannual NEP variability, but they are also a major uncertainty in the overall budget. This paper shows that Africa plays a key role in the global carbon cycle system and probably could have a potential for carbon sequestration higher than expected, even if still highly uncertain. Further investigations are needed, particularly to better address the role of savannas and tropical forests. The current CarboAfrica network of carbon measurements could provide future unique data sets for better estimating the African carbon balance.

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    Authors: Elisa Grieco; Elia Vangi; Tommaso Chiti; Alessio Collalti;

    Tropical deforestation in the African continent plays a key role in the global carbon cycle and bears significant implications in terms of climate change and sustainable development. Especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, where more than two-thirds of the population rely on forest and woodland resources for their livelihoods, deforestation and land use changes for crop production lead to a substantial loss of ecosystem-level carbon stock. Unfortunately, the impacts of deforestation and land use change can be more critical than in any other region, but these are poorly quantified. We analyse changes in the main carbon pools (above- and below-ground, soil and litter, respectively) after deforestation and land use/land cover change, for the Jomoro District (Ghana), by assessing the initial reference level of carbon stock for primary forest and the subsequent stock changes and dynamics as a consequence of conversion to the secondary forest and to five different tree plantations (rubber, coconut, cocoa, oil palm, and mixed plantations) on a total of 72 plots. Results indicate overall a statistically significant carbon loss across all the land uses/covers and for all the carbon pools compared to the primary forest with the total carbon stock loss ranging between 35% and 85% but with no statistically significant differences observed in the comparison between primary forest and mixed plantations and secondary forest. Results also suggest that above-ground carbon and soil organic carbon are the primary pools contributing to the total carbon stocks but with opposite trends of carbon loss and accumulation. Strategies for sustainable development, policies to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, carbon stock enhancement (REDD+), and planning for sustainable land use management should carefully consider the type of conversion and carbon stock dynamics behind land use change for a win-win strategy while preserving carbon stocks potential in tropical ecosystems.

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    Journal of Environmental Management
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    Authors: Elia Vangi; Daniela Dalmonech; Elisa Cioccolo; Gina Marano; +7 Authors

    Stand age significantly influences the functioning of forest ecosystems by shaping structural and physiological plant traits, affecting water and carbon budgets. Forest age distribution is determined by the interplay of tree mortality and regeneration, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Unfortunately, human-driven alteration of tree age distribution presents an underexplored avenue for enhancing forest stability and resilience. In our study, we investigated how age impacts the stability and resilience of the forest carbon budget under both current and future climate conditions. We employed a state–of–the–science biogeochemical, biophysical, validated process–based model on historically managed forest stands, projecting their future as undisturbed systems, i.e., left at their natural evolution with no management interventions (i.e., forests are left to develop undisturbed). Such a model, forced by climate data from five Earth System Models under four representative climate scenarios and one baseline scenario to disentangle the effect of climate change, spanned several age classes as representative of the current European forests' context, for each stand. Our findings indicate that Net Primary Production (NPP) peaks in the young and middle-aged classes (16- to 50-year-old), aligning with longstanding ecological theories, regardless of the climate scenario. Under climate change, the beech forest exhibited an increase in NPP and maintained stability across all age classes, while resilience remained constant with rising atmospheric CO2 and temperatures. However, NPP declined under climate change scenarios for the Norway spruce and Scots pine sites. In these coniferous forests, stability and resilience were more influenced. These results underscore the necessity of accounting for age class diversity –lacking in most, if not all, the current Global Vegetation Models – for reliable and robust assessments of the impacts of climate change on future forests’ stability and resilience capacity. We, therefore, advocate for customized management strategies that enhance the adaptability of forests to changing climatic conditions, taking into account the diverse responses of different species and age groups to climate. Journal of Environmental Management, 366 ISSN:0301-4797 ISSN:1095-8630

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    Authors: Aecia Nickless; Bjoern Fiedler; Antonio Bombelli; Antonio Bombelli; +20 Authors

    AbstractGlobal population projections foresee the biggest increase to occur in Africa with most of the available uncultivated land to ensure food security remaining on the continent. Simultaneously, greenhouse gas emissions are expected to rise due to ongoing land use change, industrialisation, and transport amongst other reasons with Africa becoming a major emitter of greenhouse gases globally. However, distinct knowledge on greenhouse gas emissions sources and sinks as well as their variability remains largely unknown caused by its vast size and diversity and an according lack of observations across the continent. Thus, an environmental research infrastructure—as being setup in other regions—is more needed than ever. Here, we present the results of a design study that developed a blueprint for establishing such an environmental research infrastructure in Africa. The blueprint comprises an inventory of already existing observations, the spatial disaggregation of locations that will enable to reduce the uncertainty in climate forcing’s in Africa and globally as well as an overall estimated cost for such an endeavour of about 550 M€ over the next 30 years. We further highlight the importance of the development of an e-infrastructure, the necessity for capacity development and the inclusion of all stakeholders to ensure African ownership.

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    Regional Environmental Change
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    Regional Environmental Change
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      Regional Environmental Change
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      NORCE Research Archive
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Trevor F. Keenan; Trevor F. Keenan; Elisa Grieco; Andreas Ibrom; +15 Authors

    AbstractForest carbon use efficiency (CUE, the ratio of net to gross primary productivity) represents the fraction of photosynthesis that is not used for plant respiration. Although important, it is often neglected in climate change impact analyses. Here we assess the potential impact of thinning on projected carbon cycle dynamics and implications for forest CUE and its components (i.e., gross and net primary productivity and plant respiration), as well as on forest biomass production. Using a detailed process‐based forest ecosystem model forced by climate outputs of five Earth System Models under four representative climate scenarios, we investigate the sensitivity of the projected future changes in the autotrophic carbon budget of three representative European forests. We focus on changes in CUE and carbon stocks as a result of warming, rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, and forest thinning. Results show that autotrophic carbon sequestration decreases with forest development, and the decrease is faster with warming and in unthinned forests. This suggests that the combined impacts of climate change and changing CO2 concentrations lead the forests to grow faster, mature earlier, and also die younger. In addition, we show that under future climate conditions, forest thinning could mitigate the decrease in CUE, increase carbon allocation into more recalcitrant woody pools, and reduce physiological‐climate‐induced mortality risks. Altogether, our results show that thinning can improve the efficacy of forest‐based mitigation strategies and should be carefully considered within a portfolio of mitigation options.

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    Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2018
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    Other literature type . 2018
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    Article . 2018
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      Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
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  • Authors: Antonio Bombelli; Matieu Henry; Simona Castaldi; Stephen Adu‐Bredu; +9 Authors

    Résumé. Cette étude donne un aperçu du bilan carbone de l'Afrique subsaharienne (Ass) en présentant un résumé des résultats actuellement disponibles du projet CarboAfrica (à savoir la productivité nette des écosystèmes et les émissions provenant des incendies, de la déforestation et de la dégradation des forêts, par estimations sur le terrain et par modèles) complétés par des données bibliographiques et comparés à une nouvelle synthèse des données des communications nationales à la CCNUCC. Selon ces estimations préliminaires, le bilan de carbone biogénique de la SSA varie de 0,16 Pg C y−1 à un puits beaucoup plus élevé de 1,00 Pg C y−1 (en fonction des données sources). Les estimations des modèles donneraient un puits irréaliste de 3,23 Pg C y−1, confirmant leur inadéquation actuelle lorsqu'elles sont appliquées à l'Afrique. L'absorption de carbone par les forêts et les savanes (0,34 et 1,89 Pg C y−1, respectivement) sont les principaux contributeurs au puits résultant. Les incendies (0,72 Pg C y−1) et la déforestation (0,25 Pg C y−1) sont les principaux contributeurs aux émissions de carbone de l'Afrique subsaharienne, tandis que le secteur agricole et la dégradation des forêts ne contribuent qu'avec 0,12 et 0,08 Pg C y−1, respectivement. Les savanes jouent un rôle majeur dans la formation du bilan carbone de l'Afrique subsaharienne, en raison de leur grande extension, de leur régime d'incendie et de leur forte variabilité interannuelle de la NEP, mais elles constituent également une incertitude majeure dans le budget global. Même si les émissions de combustibles fossiles de l'Afrique subsaharienne sont relativement faibles, elles peuvent être cruciales pour définir le signe du bilan carbone global de l'Afrique subsaharienne en réduisant le potentiel de puits naturel, en particulier à l'avenir. Cet article montre que l'Afrique joue un rôle clé dans le système mondial du cycle du carbone et pourrait probablement avoir un potentiel de séquestration du carbone plus élevé que prévu, même s'il reste très incertain. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires, en particulier pour mieux aborder le rôle des savanes et des forêts tropicales et pour améliorer les modèles biogéochimiques. Le réseau CarboAfrica de mesures du carbone pourrait fournir de futurs ensembles de données uniques pour mieux estimer le bilan carbone africain. Resumen. Este estudio ofrece una perspectiva sobre el balance de carbono del África subsahariana (SSA) al presentar un resumen de los resultados actualmente disponibles del proyecto CarboAfrica (a saber, la productividad neta del ecosistema y las emisiones de incendios, deforestación y degradación forestal, por estimaciones de campo y modelo) complementado por datos bibliográficos y en comparación con una nueva síntesis de los datos de las comunicaciones nacionales a la CMNUCC. De acuerdo con estas estimaciones preliminares, el balance de carbono biogénico de SSA varía de 0.16 Pg C y−1 a un sumidero mucho mayor de 1.00 Pg C y−1 (dependiendo de los datos de origen). Las estimaciones de los modelos darían un sumidero poco realista de 3.23 Pg C y−1, lo que confirma su insuficiencia actual cuando se aplican a África. La absorción de carbono por los bosques y las sabanas (0,34 y 1,89 Pg C y−1, respectivamente) son los principales contribuyentes al sumidero resultante. Los incendios (0.72 Pg C y−1) y la deforestación (0.25 Pg C y−1) son los principales contribuyentes a las emisiones de carbono de SSA, mientras que el sector agrícola y la degradación forestal contribuyen solo con 0.12 y 0.08 Pg C y−1, respectivamente. Las sabanas desempeñan un papel importante en la configuración del equilibrio de carbono de la SSA, debido a su gran extensión, su régimen de incendios y su fuerte variabilidad interanual de la NEP, pero también son una gran incertidumbre en el presupuesto general. Incluso si las emisiones de combustibles fósiles de SSA son relativamente bajas, pueden ser cruciales para definir el signo del balance general de carbono de SSA al reducir el potencial de sumidero natural, especialmente en el futuro. Este documento muestra que África desempeña un papel clave en el sistema global del ciclo del carbono y probablemente podría tener un potencial de secuestro de carbono superior al esperado, aunque todavía muy incierto. Se necesitan más investigaciones, particularmente para abordar mejor el papel de las sabanas y los bosques tropicales y para mejorar los modelos biogeoquímicos. La red CarboAfrica de mediciones de carbono podría proporcionar futuros conjuntos de datos únicos para estimar mejor el balance de carbono africano. Abstract. This study gives an outlook on the carbon balance of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) by presenting a summary of currently available results from the project CarboAfrica (namely net ecosystem productivity and emissions from fires, deforestation and forest degradation, by field and model estimates) supplemented by bibliographic data and compared with a new synthesis of the data from national communications to UNFCCC. According to these preliminary estimates the biogenic carbon balance of SSA varies from 0.16 Pg C y−1 to a much higher sink of 1.00 Pg C y−1 (depending on the source data). Models estimates would give an unrealistic sink of 3.23 Pg C y−1, confirming their current inadequacy when applied to Africa. The carbon uptake by forests and savannas (0.34 and 1.89 Pg C y−1, respectively,) are the main contributors to the resulting sink. Fires (0.72 Pg C y−1) and deforestation (0.25 Pg C y−1) are the main contributors to the SSA carbon emissions, while the agricultural sector and forest degradation contributes only with 0.12 and 0.08 Pg C y−1, respectively. Savannas play a major role in shaping the SSA carbon balance, due to their large extension, their fire regime, and their strong interannual NEP variability, but they are also a major uncertainty in the overall budget. Even if fossil fuel emissions from SSA are relative low, they can be crucial in defining the sign of the overall SSA carbon balance by reducing the natural sink potential, especially in the future. This paper shows that Africa plays a key role in the global carbon cycle system and probably could have a potential for carbon sequestration higher than expected, even if still highly uncertain. Further investigations are needed, particularly to better address the role of savannas and tropical forests and to improve biogeochemical models. The CarboAfrica network of carbon measurements could provide future unique data sets for better estimating the African carbon balance. ملخص. تقدم هذه الدراسة نظرة مستقبلية على توازن الكربون في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى (SSA) من خلال تقديم ملخص للنتائج المتاحة حاليًا من مشروع CarboAfrica (أي صافي إنتاجية النظام الإيكولوجي والانبعاثات الناتجة عن الحرائق وإزالة الغابات وتدهور الغابات، حسب التقديرات الميدانية والنموذجية) مكملة ببيانات ببليوغرافية ومقارنة بتوليف جديد للبيانات المستمدة من البلاغات الوطنية المقدمة إلى اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة الإطارية بشأن تغير المناخ. وفقًا لهذه التقديرات الأولية، يتراوح توازن الكربون الحيوي المنشأ لـ SSA من 0.16 Pg C y−1 إلى حوض أعلى بكثير من 1.00 Pg C y−1 (اعتمادًا على بيانات المصدر). ستعطي تقديرات النماذج بالوعة غير واقعية تبلغ 3.23 بيكوغرام C y−1، مما يؤكد عدم كفايتها الحالية عند تطبيقها على إفريقيا. امتصاص الكربون من قبل الغابات والسافانا (0.34 و 1.89 بيكوغرام C y−1، على التوالي،) هي المساهمين الرئيسيين في الحوض الناتج. الحرائق (0.72 بيكوغرام C y−1) وإزالة الغابات (0.25 بيكوغرام C y−1) هما المساهمان الرئيسيان في انبعاثات الكربون من منطقة جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، في حين أن القطاع الزراعي وتدهور الغابات يساهمان فقط بـ 0.12 و 0.08 بيكوغرام C y−1، على التوالي. تلعب السافانا دورًا رئيسيًا في تشكيل توازن الكربون في منطقة جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، نظرًا لتمديدها الكبير، ونظام الحريق الخاص بها، وتقلبها القوي في NEP بين السنوات، ولكنها أيضًا تشكل عدم يقين كبير في الميزانية الإجمالية. حتى لو كانت انبعاثات الوقود الأحفوري من منطقة جنوب الصحراء الكبرى منخفضة نسبيًا، فيمكن أن تكون حاسمة في تحديد علامة التوازن الكلي للكربون في منطقة جنوب الصحراء الكبرى عن طريق تقليل إمكانات الحوض الطبيعي، خاصة في المستقبل. تُظهر هذه الورقة أن أفريقيا تلعب دورًا رئيسيًا في نظام دورة الكربون العالمي وربما يمكن أن يكون لديها إمكانية لعزل الكربون أعلى من المتوقع، حتى لو كان لا يزال غير مؤكد إلى حد كبير. هناك حاجة إلى مزيد من التحقيقات، لا سيما لمعالجة دور السافانا والغابات الاستوائية بشكل أفضل وتحسين النماذج الجيوكيميائية الحيوية. يمكن لشبكة CarboAfrica لقياسات الكربون أن توفر مجموعات بيانات فريدة في المستقبل لتقدير توازن الكربون الأفريقي بشكل أفضل.

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    Authors: Elia Vangi; Elisa Cioccolo; Gina Marano; Daniela Dalmonech; +6 Authors

    Stand age significantly influences the functioning of forest ecosystems by shaping structural and physiological plant traits, affecting water and carbon budgets. Forest age distribution is determined by the interplay of tree mortality and regeneration, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Thus, human-driven alteration of tree age distribution presents an underexplored avenue for enhancing forest stability and resilience. In our study, we investigated how age distribution impacts the stability and resilience of the forest carbon budget under both current and future climate conditions. We employed a biogeochemical model on three historically managed forest stands, projecting their future as undisturbed systems, i.e., left at their natural evolution with no management interventions. The model, driven by climate data from five Earth System Models under four representative climate scenarios and one baseline scenario, spanned 11 age classes for each stand. Our findings indicate that Net Primary Production (NPP) peaks in the young and middle-aged classes (16- to 50-year-old), aligning with ecological theories, regardless of the climate scenario. Under climate change, the beech forest exhibited an increase in NPP and maintained stability across all age classes, while resilience remained constant with rising atmospheric CO2 and temperatures. However, NPP declined under climate change scenarios for the Norway spruce and Scots pine sites. In these coniferous forests, stability and resilience were more influenced. These results underscore the necessity of accounting for age classes and species-specific reactions in evaluating the impacts of climate change on forest stability and resilience. We, therefore, advocate for customized management strategies that enhance the adaptability of forests to changing climatic conditions, taking into account the diverse responses of different species and age groups to climate.

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8 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ana López‐Ballesteros; Johannes Beck; Antonio Bombelli; Elisa Grieco; +16 Authors

    Il existe actuellement un manque d'observations représentatives, systématiques et harmonisées des gaz à effet de serre (GES) couvrant la variété des biomes naturels et modifiés par l'homme qui se produisent en Afrique. Cela entrave l'évaluation à long terme des moteurs du changement climatique, en plus de leurs impacts et de leurs boucles de rétroaction à l'échelle continentale, mais limite également notre compréhension de la contribution du continent africain au cycle mondial du carbone (C). Compte tenu de la transformation actuelle et prévue des conditions socio-économiques en Afrique (c'est-à-dire la tendance croissante de l'urbanisation et de la croissance démographique) et des impacts négatifs du changement climatique, le développement d'une infrastructure de recherche (IR) sur les GES est nécessaire pour soutenir la conception de stratégies d'atténuation et d'adaptation appropriées nécessaires pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire, énergétique, nutritionnelle et économique de la population africaine. Ce document présente les premiers résultats du projet SEACRIFOG UE-Afrique, qui vise à concevoir une IR d'observation des GES pour l'Afrique. Les premières étapes de ce projet comprenaient l'identification et l'engagement des principales parties prenantes, la définition du cadre de suivi conceptuel et une évaluation des capacités infrastructurelles existantes. Les commentaires des secteurs des parties prenantes ont été obtenus lors de trois ateliers de consultation des parties prenantes tenus au Kenya, au Ghana et en Zambie. Les principales préoccupations identifiées étaient la qualité et l'accessibilité des données, le besoin de renforcement des capacités et de mise en réseau de la communauté scientifique, et l'adaptation au changement climatique, qui a été confirmée comme une priorité pour l'Afrique. Ces commentaires, en plus des contributions d'experts dans les domaines thématiques atmosphériques, terrestres et océaniques, ont facilité la sélection d'un ensemble de « variables essentielles » qui doivent être mesurées dans le futur IR environnemental. Un inventaire de 47 réseaux existants et prévus à travers le continent a permis d'évaluer les besoins et les lacunes actuels des IR en Afrique. Dans l'ensemble, le développement d'un IR panafricain harmonisé et standardisé servira à relever les principaux défis sociétaux et scientifiques du continent grâce à une synergie intersectorielle potentielle entre les réseaux existants et prévus aux échelles régionale, continentale et mondiale. Actualmente hay una falta de observaciones representativas, sistemáticas y armonizadas de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) que cubran la variedad de biomas naturales y humanos alterados que se producen en África. Esto impide la evaluación a largo plazo de los impulsores del cambio climático, además de sus impactos y ciclos de retroalimentación a escala continental, pero también limita nuestra comprensión de la contribución del continente africano al ciclo global del carbono (C). Dada la transformación actual y proyectada de las condiciones socioeconómicas en África (es decir, la tendencia creciente de la urbanización y el crecimiento de la población) y los impactos adversos del cambio climático, se necesita el desarrollo de una infraestructura de investigación (IR) de GEI para apoyar el diseño de estrategias adecuadas de mitigación y adaptación necesarias para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria, energética, nutricional y económica de la población africana. Este documento presenta los resultados iniciales del proyecto SEACRIFOG UE-África, que tiene como objetivo diseñar un RI de observación de GEI para África. Las primeras etapas de este proyecto incluyeron la identificación y participación de las partes interesadas clave, la definición del marco conceptual de monitoreo y una evaluación de la capacidad de infraestructura existente. Los comentarios de los sectores interesados se obtuvieron a través de tres talleres de consulta a las partes interesadas celebrados en Kenia, Ghana y Zambia. Las principales preocupaciones identificadas fueron la calidad y accesibilidad de los datos, la necesidad de desarrollar capacidades y establecer redes entre la comunidad científica, y la adaptación al cambio climático, que se confirmó como una prioridad para África. Esta retroalimentación, además de los aportes de expertos en las áreas temáticas atmosférica, terrestre y oceánica, facilitó la selección de un conjunto de "variables esenciales" que deben medirse en la futura IR ambiental. Un inventario de 47 redes existentes y planificadas en todo el continente permitió evaluar las necesidades y brechas actuales de RI en África. En general, el desarrollo de una IR panafricana armonizada y estandarizada servirá para abordar los principales desafíos sociales y científicos del continente a través de una posible sinergia entre dominios entre las redes existentes y planificadas a escala regional, continental y global. There is currently a lack of representative, systematic and harmonised greenhouse gas (GHG) observations covering the variety of natural and human-altered biomes that occur in Africa. This impedes the long-term assessment of the drivers of climate change, in addition to their impacts and feedback loops at the continental scale, but also limits our understanding of the contribution of the African continent to the global carbon (C) cycle. Given the current and projected transformation of socio-economic conditions in Africa (i.e. the increasing trend of urbanisation and population growth) and the adverse impacts of climate change, the development of a GHG research infrastructure (RI) is needed to support the design of suitable mitigation and adaptation strategies required to assure food, fuel, nutrition and economic security for the African population. This paper presents the initial results of the EU-African SEACRIFOG project, which aims to design a GHG observation RI for Africa. The first stages of this project included the identification and engagement of key stakeholders, the definition of the conceptual monitoring framework and an assessment of existing infrastructural capacity. Feedback from stakeholder sectors was obtained through three Stakeholder Consultation Workshops held in Kenya, Ghana and Zambia. Main concerns identified were data quality and accessibility, the need for capacity building and networking among the scientific community, and adaptation to climate change, which was confirmed to be a priority for Africa. This feedback in addition to input from experts in the atmospheric, terrestrial and oceanic thematic areas, facilitated the selection of a set of 'essential variables' that need to be measured in the future environmental RI. An inventory of 47 existing and planned networks across the continent allowed for an assessment of the current RIs needs and gaps in Africa. Overall, the development of a harmonised and standardised pan-African RI will serve to address the continent's primary societal and scientific challenges through a potential cross-domain synergy among existing and planned networks at regional, continental and global scales. يوجد حاليًا نقص في الملاحظات التمثيلية والمنهجية والمنسقة لغازات الدفيئة (GHG) التي تغطي مجموعة متنوعة من المناطق الأحيائية الطبيعية والمعدلة بشريًا التي تحدث في إفريقيا. وهذا يعيق التقييم طويل الأجل لدوافع تغير المناخ، بالإضافة إلى آثارها وحلقات التغذية الراجعة على المستوى القاري، ولكنه يحد أيضًا من فهمنا لمساهمة القارة الأفريقية في دورة الكربون العالمية. بالنظر إلى التحول الحالي والمتوقع للظروف الاجتماعية والاقتصادية في أفريقيا (أي الاتجاه المتزايد للتحضر والنمو السكاني) والآثار السلبية لتغير المناخ، هناك حاجة إلى تطوير بنية تحتية لبحوث غازات الدفيئة (RI) لدعم تصميم استراتيجيات التخفيف والتكيف المناسبة المطلوبة لضمان الغذاء والوقود والتغذية والأمن الاقتصادي للسكان الأفارقة. تعرض هذه الورقة النتائج الأولية لمشروع SEACRIFOG المشترك بين الاتحاد الأوروبي وأفريقيا، والذي يهدف إلى تصميم مؤشر مرجعي لرصد غازات الدفيئة في أفريقيا. تضمنت المراحل الأولى من هذا المشروع تحديد أصحاب المصلحة الرئيسيين وإشراكهم، وتحديد إطار الرصد المفاهيمي وتقييم قدرات البنية التحتية الحالية. تم الحصول على تعليقات من قطاعات أصحاب المصلحة من خلال ثلاث ورش عمل تشاورية لأصحاب المصلحة عقدت في كينيا وغانا وزامبيا. وتمثلت الشواغل الرئيسية التي تم تحديدها في جودة البيانات وإمكانية الوصول إليها، والحاجة إلى بناء القدرات والتواصل بين الأوساط العلمية، والتكيف مع تغير المناخ، الذي تأكد أنه يمثل أولوية بالنسبة لأفريقيا. هذه التغذية الراجعة بالإضافة إلى مدخلات الخبراء في المجالات المواضيعية الجوية والبرية والمحيطية، سهلت اختيار مجموعة من "المتغيرات الأساسية" التي يجب قياسها في RI البيئي المستقبلي. أتاح جرد 47 شبكة قائمة ومخططة في جميع أنحاء القارة إجراء تقييم لاحتياجات منظمات الإغاثة الدولية الحالية والثغرات في أفريقيا. بشكل عام، سيعمل تطوير RI متناسق وموحد لعموم إفريقيا على معالجة التحديات المجتمعية والعلمية الأساسية للقارة من خلال التآزر المحتمل عبر المجالات بين الشبكات القائمة والمخطط لها على المستويات الإقليمية والقارية والعالمية.

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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Environmental Research Letters
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2018
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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: DOAJ
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    Environmental Research Letters
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  • Authors: Antonio Bombelli; Matieu Henry; Simona Castaldi; Stephen Adu‐Bredu; +9 Authors

    Résumé. Cette étude présente un aperçu sommaire du bilan carbone de l'Afrique subsaharienne (Ass) en synthétisant les données disponibles des communications nationales à la CCNUCC et les premiers résultats du projet CarboAfrica (productivité nette des écosystèmes et émissions provenant des incendies, de la déforestation et de la dégradation des forêts, par estimation sur le terrain et par modèle). Selon ces estimations préliminaires, le bilan carbone global de la SSA varie de 0,43 Pg C y−1 (en utilisant des mesures in situ pour la NEP de la savane) à un puits beaucoup plus élevé de 2,53 Pg C y−1 (en utilisant des estimations de modèle pour la NEP de la savane). Les estimations de la CCNUCC conduisent à un puits de carbone modéré de 0,58 Pg C y−1. En excluant les perturbations anthropiques et les événements épisodiques intrinsèques, l'absorption de carbone par les forêts (0,98 Pg C y−1) et les savanes (de 1,38 à 3,48 Pg C y−1, selon la méthodologie utilisée) sont les principales composantes de l'effet puits SSA. Les incendies (0,72 Pg C y−1), la déforestation (0,25 Pg C y−1) et la dégradation des forêts (0,77 Pg C y−1) sont les principaux contributeurs aux émissions de carbone de l'Afrique subsaharienne, tandis que le secteur agricole ne contribue qu'avec 0,12 Pg C y−1. Notamment, l'impact de la dégradation des forêts est plus élevé que celui causé par la déforestation, et le bilan carbone net forestier de l'Ass est proche de l'équilibre. Les savanes jouent un rôle majeur dans la formation du bilan carbone de l'Afrique subsaharienne, en raison de leur grande étendue, de leur régime d'incendie et de leur forte variabilité interannuelle de la NEP, mais elles constituent également une incertitude majeure dans le budget global. Cet article montre que l'Afrique joue un rôle clé dans le système mondial du cycle du carbone et pourrait probablement avoir un potentiel de séquestration du carbone plus élevé que prévu, même s'il reste très incertain. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires, en particulier pour mieux aborder le rôle des savanes et des forêts tropicales. Le réseau actuel de mesures du carbone de CarboAfrica pourrait fournir de futurs ensembles de données uniques pour mieux estimer le bilan carbone africain. Resumen. Este estudio presenta una visión general resumida del balance de carbono del África subsahariana (SSA) mediante la síntesis de los datos disponibles de las comunicaciones nacionales a la CMNUCC y los primeros resultados del proyecto CarboAfrica (productividad neta del ecosistema y emisiones de incendios, deforestación y degradación forestal, por estimaciones de campo y modelo). De acuerdo con estas estimaciones preliminares, el balance general de carbono de SSA varía de 0.43 Pg C y−1 (utilizando mediciones in situ para NEP de sabana) a un sumidero mucho mayor de 2.53 Pg C y−1 (utilizando estimaciones modelo para NEP de sabana). Las estimaciones de la CMNUCC conducen a un sumidero de carbono moderado de 0,58 Pg C y−1. Excluyendo la perturbación antropogénica y los eventos episódicos intrínsecos, la absorción de carbono por los bosques (0.98 Pg C y−1) y las sabanas (de 1.38 a 3.48 Pg C y−1, dependiendo de la metodología utilizada) son los principales componentes del efecto sumidero de SSA. Los incendios (0.72 Pg C y−1), la deforestación (0.25 Pg C y−1) y la degradación forestal (0.77 Pg C y−1) son los principales contribuyentes a las emisiones de carbono SSA, mientras que el sector agrícola contribuye solo con 0.12 Pg C y−1. En particular, el impacto de la degradación forestal es mayor que el causado por la deforestación, y el balance neto de carbono del bosque SSA está cerca del equilibrio. Las sabanas desempeñan un papel importante en la configuración del equilibrio de carbono de la SSA, debido a su gran extensión territorial, su régimen de incendios y su fuerte variabilidad interanual de la NEP, pero también son una gran incertidumbre en el presupuesto general. Este documento muestra que África desempeña un papel clave en el sistema global del ciclo del carbono y probablemente podría tener un potencial de secuestro de carbono superior al esperado, aunque todavía muy incierto. Se necesitan más investigaciones, en particular para abordar mejor el papel de las sabanas y los bosques tropicales. La red actual de mediciones de carbono de CarboAfrica podría proporcionar futuros conjuntos de datos únicos para estimar mejor el balance de carbono africano. ملخص. تقدم هذه الدراسة لمحة عامة موجزة عن توازن الكربون في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى (SSA) من خلال توليف البيانات المتاحة من البلاغات الوطنية المقدمة إلى اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة الإطارية بشأن تغير المناخ والنتائج الأولى من مشروع CarboAfrica (صافي إنتاجية النظام الإيكولوجي والانبعاثات الناجمة عن الحرائق وإزالة الغابات وتدهور الغابات، حسب التقديرات الميدانية والنموذجية). وفقًا لهذه التقديرات الأولية، يتراوح رصيد الكربون الإجمالي لـ SSA من 0.43 Pg C y−1 (باستخدام قياسات في الموقع لـ SAVANA NEP) إلى حوض أعلى بكثير من 2.53 Pg C y−1 (باستخدام تقديرات نموذجية لـ SAVANA NEP). تؤدي تقديرات اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة الإطارية بشأن تغير المناخ إلى بالوعة كربون معتدلة تبلغ 0.58 بيكوغرام من الكربون -1. وباستثناء الاضطرابات البشرية المنشأ والأحداث العرضية الجوهرية، فإن امتصاص الكربون من قبل الغابات (0.98 بيكوغرام من الكربون في السنة-1) والسافانا (من 1.38 إلى 3.48 بيكوغرام من الكربون في السنة-1، اعتمادًا على المنهجية المستخدمة) هي المكونات الرئيسية لتأثير بالوعة منطقة جنوب الصحراء الكبرى. الحرائق (0.72 Pg C y−1) وإزالة الغابات (0.25 Pg C y−1) وتدهور الغابات (0.77 Pg C y−1) هي العوامل الرئيسية المساهمة في انبعاثات الكربون في منطقة جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، بينما يساهم القطاع الزراعي فقط بـ 0.12 Pg C y−1. والجدير بالذكر أن تأثير تدهور الغابات أعلى من ذلك الناجم عن إزالة الغابات، كما أن توازن الكربون الصافي للغابات في منطقة جنوب الصحراء الكبرى يقترب من التوازن. تلعب السافانا دورًا رئيسيًا في تشكيل توازن الكربون في منطقة جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، نظرًا لمساحتها الكبيرة، ونظام الحريق الخاص بها، وتقلبها القوي في NEP بين السنوات، ولكنها أيضًا تشكل عدم يقين كبير في الميزانية الإجمالية. تُظهر هذه الورقة أن أفريقيا تلعب دورًا رئيسيًا في نظام دورة الكربون العالمي وربما يمكن أن يكون لديها إمكانية لعزل الكربون أعلى من المتوقع، حتى لو كان لا يزال غير مؤكد إلى حد كبير. هناك حاجة إلى مزيد من التحقيقات، لا سيما لمعالجة دور السافانا والغابات الاستوائية بشكل أفضل. يمكن لشبكة CarboAfrica الحالية لقياسات الكربون أن توفر مجموعات بيانات فريدة في المستقبل لتقدير توازن الكربون الأفريقي بشكل أفضل. Abstract. This study presents a summary overview of the carbon balance of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) by synthesizing the available data from national communications to UNFCCC and first results from the project CarboAfrica (net ecosystem productivity and emissions from fires, deforestation and forest degradation, by field and model estimates). According to these preliminary estimates the overall carbon balance of SSA varies from 0.43 Pg C y−1 (using in situ measurements for savanna NEP) to a much higher sink of 2.53 Pg C y−1 (using model estimates for savanna NEP). UNFCCC estimates lead to a moderate carbon sink of 0.58 Pg C y−1. Excluding anthropogenic disturbance and intrinsic episodic events, the carbon uptake by forests (0.98 Pg C y−1) and savannas (from 1.38 to 3.48 Pg C y−1, depending on the used methodology) are the main components of the SSA sink effect. Fires (0.72 Pg C y−1), deforestation (0.25 Pg C y−1) and forest degradation (0.77 Pg C y−1) are the main contributors to the SSA carbon emissions, while the agricultural sector contributes only with 0.12 Pg C y−1. Notably, the impact of forest degradation is higher than that caused by deforestation, and the SSA forest net carbon balance is close to equilibrium. Savannas play a major role in shaping the SSA carbon balance, due to their large areal extent, their fire regime, and their strong interannual NEP variability, but they are also a major uncertainty in the overall budget. This paper shows that Africa plays a key role in the global carbon cycle system and probably could have a potential for carbon sequestration higher than expected, even if still highly uncertain. Further investigations are needed, particularly to better address the role of savannas and tropical forests. The current CarboAfrica network of carbon measurements could provide future unique data sets for better estimating the African carbon balance.

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    Authors: Elisa Grieco; Elia Vangi; Tommaso Chiti; Alessio Collalti;

    Tropical deforestation in the African continent plays a key role in the global carbon cycle and bears significant implications in terms of climate change and sustainable development. Especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, where more than two-thirds of the population rely on forest and woodland resources for their livelihoods, deforestation and land use changes for crop production lead to a substantial loss of ecosystem-level carbon stock. Unfortunately, the impacts of deforestation and land use change can be more critical than in any other region, but these are poorly quantified. We analyse changes in the main carbon pools (above- and below-ground, soil and litter, respectively) after deforestation and land use/land cover change, for the Jomoro District (Ghana), by assessing the initial reference level of carbon stock for primary forest and the subsequent stock changes and dynamics as a consequence of conversion to the secondary forest and to five different tree plantations (rubber, coconut, cocoa, oil palm, and mixed plantations) on a total of 72 plots. Results indicate overall a statistically significant carbon loss across all the land uses/covers and for all the carbon pools compared to the primary forest with the total carbon stock loss ranging between 35% and 85% but with no statistically significant differences observed in the comparison between primary forest and mixed plantations and secondary forest. Results also suggest that above-ground carbon and soil organic carbon are the primary pools contributing to the total carbon stocks but with opposite trends of carbon loss and accumulation. Strategies for sustainable development, policies to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, carbon stock enhancement (REDD+), and planning for sustainable land use management should carefully consider the type of conversion and carbon stock dynamics behind land use change for a win-win strategy while preserving carbon stocks potential in tropical ecosystems.

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    Authors: Elia Vangi; Daniela Dalmonech; Elisa Cioccolo; Gina Marano; +7 Authors

    Stand age significantly influences the functioning of forest ecosystems by shaping structural and physiological plant traits, affecting water and carbon budgets. Forest age distribution is determined by the interplay of tree mortality and regeneration, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Unfortunately, human-driven alteration of tree age distribution presents an underexplored avenue for enhancing forest stability and resilience. In our study, we investigated how age impacts the stability and resilience of the forest carbon budget under both current and future climate conditions. We employed a state–of–the–science biogeochemical, biophysical, validated process–based model on historically managed forest stands, projecting their future as undisturbed systems, i.e., left at their natural evolution with no management interventions (i.e., forests are left to develop undisturbed). Such a model, forced by climate data from five Earth System Models under four representative climate scenarios and one baseline scenario to disentangle the effect of climate change, spanned several age classes as representative of the current European forests' context, for each stand. Our findings indicate that Net Primary Production (NPP) peaks in the young and middle-aged classes (16- to 50-year-old), aligning with longstanding ecological theories, regardless of the climate scenario. Under climate change, the beech forest exhibited an increase in NPP and maintained stability across all age classes, while resilience remained constant with rising atmospheric CO2 and temperatures. However, NPP declined under climate change scenarios for the Norway spruce and Scots pine sites. In these coniferous forests, stability and resilience were more influenced. These results underscore the necessity of accounting for age class diversity –lacking in most, if not all, the current Global Vegetation Models – for reliable and robust assessments of the impacts of climate change on future forests’ stability and resilience capacity. We, therefore, advocate for customized management strategies that enhance the adaptability of forests to changing climatic conditions, taking into account the diverse responses of different species and age groups to climate. Journal of Environmental Management, 366 ISSN:0301-4797 ISSN:1095-8630

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    Journal of Environmental Management
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Article . 2024
    License: CC BY NC ND
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Research Collection
    Article . 2024
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Journal of Environmental Management
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Research Collection
      Article . 2024
      License: CC BY NC ND
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Article . 2024
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Aecia Nickless; Bjoern Fiedler; Antonio Bombelli; Antonio Bombelli; +20 Authors

    AbstractGlobal population projections foresee the biggest increase to occur in Africa with most of the available uncultivated land to ensure food security remaining on the continent. Simultaneously, greenhouse gas emissions are expected to rise due to ongoing land use change, industrialisation, and transport amongst other reasons with Africa becoming a major emitter of greenhouse gases globally. However, distinct knowledge on greenhouse gas emissions sources and sinks as well as their variability remains largely unknown caused by its vast size and diversity and an according lack of observations across the continent. Thus, an environmental research infrastructure—as being setup in other regions—is more needed than ever. Here, we present the results of a design study that developed a blueprint for establishing such an environmental research infrastructure in Africa. The blueprint comprises an inventory of already existing observations, the spatial disaggregation of locations that will enable to reduce the uncertainty in climate forcing’s in Africa and globally as well as an overall estimated cost for such an endeavour of about 550 M€ over the next 30 years. We further highlight the importance of the development of an e-infrastructure, the necessity for capacity development and the inclusion of all stakeholders to ensure African ownership.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IRIS Cnrarrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Regional Environmental Change
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Regional Environmental Change
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    NORCE Research Archive
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Regional Environmental Change
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IRIS Cnrarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Regional Environmental Change
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Regional Environmental Change
      Article
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      NORCE Research Archive
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Regional Environmental Change
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Trevor F. Keenan; Trevor F. Keenan; Elisa Grieco; Andreas Ibrom; +15 Authors

    AbstractForest carbon use efficiency (CUE, the ratio of net to gross primary productivity) represents the fraction of photosynthesis that is not used for plant respiration. Although important, it is often neglected in climate change impact analyses. Here we assess the potential impact of thinning on projected carbon cycle dynamics and implications for forest CUE and its components (i.e., gross and net primary productivity and plant respiration), as well as on forest biomass production. Using a detailed process‐based forest ecosystem model forced by climate outputs of five Earth System Models under four representative climate scenarios, we investigate the sensitivity of the projected future changes in the autotrophic carbon budget of three representative European forests. We focus on changes in CUE and carbon stocks as a result of warming, rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, and forest thinning. Results show that autotrophic carbon sequestration decreases with forest development, and the decrease is faster with warming and in unthinned forests. This suggests that the combined impacts of climate change and changing CO2 concentrations lead the forests to grow faster, mature earlier, and also die younger. In addition, we show that under future climate conditions, forest thinning could mitigate the decrease in CUE, increase carbon allocation into more recalcitrant woody pools, and reduce physiological‐climate‐induced mortality risks. Altogether, our results show that thinning can improve the efficacy of forest‐based mitigation strategies and should be carefully considered within a portfolio of mitigation options.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IRIS Cnrarrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
    Article
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2018
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2018
    Data sources: PubMed Central
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 2018
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: MPG.PuRe
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    CNR ExploRA
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: CNR ExploRA
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IRIS Cnrarrow_drop_down
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      Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
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  • Authors: Antonio Bombelli; Matieu Henry; Simona Castaldi; Stephen Adu‐Bredu; +9 Authors

    Résumé. Cette étude donne un aperçu du bilan carbone de l'Afrique subsaharienne (Ass) en présentant un résumé des résultats actuellement disponibles du projet CarboAfrica (à savoir la productivité nette des écosystèmes et les émissions provenant des incendies, de la déforestation et de la dégradation des forêts, par estimations sur le terrain et par modèles) complétés par des données bibliographiques et comparés à une nouvelle synthèse des données des communications nationales à la CCNUCC. Selon ces estimations préliminaires, le bilan de carbone biogénique de la SSA varie de 0,16 Pg C y−1 à un puits beaucoup plus élevé de 1,00 Pg C y−1 (en fonction des données sources). Les estimations des modèles donneraient un puits irréaliste de 3,23 Pg C y−1, confirmant leur inadéquation actuelle lorsqu'elles sont appliquées à l'Afrique. L'absorption de carbone par les forêts et les savanes (0,34 et 1,89 Pg C y−1, respectivement) sont les principaux contributeurs au puits résultant. Les incendies (0,72 Pg C y−1) et la déforestation (0,25 Pg C y−1) sont les principaux contributeurs aux émissions de carbone de l'Afrique subsaharienne, tandis que le secteur agricole et la dégradation des forêts ne contribuent qu'avec 0,12 et 0,08 Pg C y−1, respectivement. Les savanes jouent un rôle majeur dans la formation du bilan carbone de l'Afrique subsaharienne, en raison de leur grande extension, de leur régime d'incendie et de leur forte variabilité interannuelle de la NEP, mais elles constituent également une incertitude majeure dans le budget global. Même si les émissions de combustibles fossiles de l'Afrique subsaharienne sont relativement faibles, elles peuvent être cruciales pour définir le signe du bilan carbone global de l'Afrique subsaharienne en réduisant le potentiel de puits naturel, en particulier à l'avenir. Cet article montre que l'Afrique joue un rôle clé dans le système mondial du cycle du carbone et pourrait probablement avoir un potentiel de séquestration du carbone plus élevé que prévu, même s'il reste très incertain. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires, en particulier pour mieux aborder le rôle des savanes et des forêts tropicales et pour améliorer les modèles biogéochimiques. Le réseau CarboAfrica de mesures du carbone pourrait fournir de futurs ensembles de données uniques pour mieux estimer le bilan carbone africain. Resumen. Este estudio ofrece una perspectiva sobre el balance de carbono del África subsahariana (SSA) al presentar un resumen de los resultados actualmente disponibles del proyecto CarboAfrica (a saber, la productividad neta del ecosistema y las emisiones de incendios, deforestación y degradación forestal, por estimaciones de campo y modelo) complementado por datos bibliográficos y en comparación con una nueva síntesis de los datos de las comunicaciones nacionales a la CMNUCC. De acuerdo con estas estimaciones preliminares, el balance de carbono biogénico de SSA varía de 0.16 Pg C y−1 a un sumidero mucho mayor de 1.00 Pg C y−1 (dependiendo de los datos de origen). Las estimaciones de los modelos darían un sumidero poco realista de 3.23 Pg C y−1, lo que confirma su insuficiencia actual cuando se aplican a África. La absorción de carbono por los bosques y las sabanas (0,34 y 1,89 Pg C y−1, respectivamente) son los principales contribuyentes al sumidero resultante. Los incendios (0.72 Pg C y−1) y la deforestación (0.25 Pg C y−1) son los principales contribuyentes a las emisiones de carbono de SSA, mientras que el sector agrícola y la degradación forestal contribuyen solo con 0.12 y 0.08 Pg C y−1, respectivamente. Las sabanas desempeñan un papel importante en la configuración del equilibrio de carbono de la SSA, debido a su gran extensión, su régimen de incendios y su fuerte variabilidad interanual de la NEP, pero también son una gran incertidumbre en el presupuesto general. Incluso si las emisiones de combustibles fósiles de SSA son relativamente bajas, pueden ser cruciales para definir el signo del balance general de carbono de SSA al reducir el potencial de sumidero natural, especialmente en el futuro. Este documento muestra que África desempeña un papel clave en el sistema global del ciclo del carbono y probablemente podría tener un potencial de secuestro de carbono superior al esperado, aunque todavía muy incierto. Se necesitan más investigaciones, particularmente para abordar mejor el papel de las sabanas y los bosques tropicales y para mejorar los modelos biogeoquímicos. La red CarboAfrica de mediciones de carbono podría proporcionar futuros conjuntos de datos únicos para estimar mejor el balance de carbono africano. Abstract. This study gives an outlook on the carbon balance of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) by presenting a summary of currently available results from the project CarboAfrica (namely net ecosystem productivity and emissions from fires, deforestation and forest degradation, by field and model estimates) supplemented by bibliographic data and compared with a new synthesis of the data from national communications to UNFCCC. According to these preliminary estimates the biogenic carbon balance of SSA varies from 0.16 Pg C y−1 to a much higher sink of 1.00 Pg C y−1 (depending on the source data). Models estimates would give an unrealistic sink of 3.23 Pg C y−1, confirming their current inadequacy when applied to Africa. The carbon uptake by forests and savannas (0.34 and 1.89 Pg C y−1, respectively,) are the main contributors to the resulting sink. Fires (0.72 Pg C y−1) and deforestation (0.25 Pg C y−1) are the main contributors to the SSA carbon emissions, while the agricultural sector and forest degradation contributes only with 0.12 and 0.08 Pg C y−1, respectively. Savannas play a major role in shaping the SSA carbon balance, due to their large extension, their fire regime, and their strong interannual NEP variability, but they are also a major uncertainty in the overall budget. Even if fossil fuel emissions from SSA are relative low, they can be crucial in defining the sign of the overall SSA carbon balance by reducing the natural sink potential, especially in the future. This paper shows that Africa plays a key role in the global carbon cycle system and probably could have a potential for carbon sequestration higher than expected, even if still highly uncertain. Further investigations are needed, particularly to better address the role of savannas and tropical forests and to improve biogeochemical models. The CarboAfrica network of carbon measurements could provide future unique data sets for better estimating the African carbon balance. ملخص. تقدم هذه الدراسة نظرة مستقبلية على توازن الكربون في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى (SSA) من خلال تقديم ملخص للنتائج المتاحة حاليًا من مشروع CarboAfrica (أي صافي إنتاجية النظام الإيكولوجي والانبعاثات الناتجة عن الحرائق وإزالة الغابات وتدهور الغابات، حسب التقديرات الميدانية والنموذجية) مكملة ببيانات ببليوغرافية ومقارنة بتوليف جديد للبيانات المستمدة من البلاغات الوطنية المقدمة إلى اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة الإطارية بشأن تغير المناخ. وفقًا لهذه التقديرات الأولية، يتراوح توازن الكربون الحيوي المنشأ لـ SSA من 0.16 Pg C y−1 إلى حوض أعلى بكثير من 1.00 Pg C y−1 (اعتمادًا على بيانات المصدر). ستعطي تقديرات النماذج بالوعة غير واقعية تبلغ 3.23 بيكوغرام C y−1، مما يؤكد عدم كفايتها الحالية عند تطبيقها على إفريقيا. امتصاص الكربون من قبل الغابات والسافانا (0.34 و 1.89 بيكوغرام C y−1، على التوالي،) هي المساهمين الرئيسيين في الحوض الناتج. الحرائق (0.72 بيكوغرام C y−1) وإزالة الغابات (0.25 بيكوغرام C y−1) هما المساهمان الرئيسيان في انبعاثات الكربون من منطقة جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، في حين أن القطاع الزراعي وتدهور الغابات يساهمان فقط بـ 0.12 و 0.08 بيكوغرام C y−1، على التوالي. تلعب السافانا دورًا رئيسيًا في تشكيل توازن الكربون في منطقة جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، نظرًا لتمديدها الكبير، ونظام الحريق الخاص بها، وتقلبها القوي في NEP بين السنوات، ولكنها أيضًا تشكل عدم يقين كبير في الميزانية الإجمالية. حتى لو كانت انبعاثات الوقود الأحفوري من منطقة جنوب الصحراء الكبرى منخفضة نسبيًا، فيمكن أن تكون حاسمة في تحديد علامة التوازن الكلي للكربون في منطقة جنوب الصحراء الكبرى عن طريق تقليل إمكانات الحوض الطبيعي، خاصة في المستقبل. تُظهر هذه الورقة أن أفريقيا تلعب دورًا رئيسيًا في نظام دورة الكربون العالمي وربما يمكن أن يكون لديها إمكانية لعزل الكربون أعلى من المتوقع، حتى لو كان لا يزال غير مؤكد إلى حد كبير. هناك حاجة إلى مزيد من التحقيقات، لا سيما لمعالجة دور السافانا والغابات الاستوائية بشكل أفضل وتحسين النماذج الجيوكيميائية الحيوية. يمكن لشبكة CarboAfrica لقياسات الكربون أن توفر مجموعات بيانات فريدة في المستقبل لتقدير توازن الكربون الأفريقي بشكل أفضل.

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    Authors: Elia Vangi; Elisa Cioccolo; Gina Marano; Daniela Dalmonech; +6 Authors

    Stand age significantly influences the functioning of forest ecosystems by shaping structural and physiological plant traits, affecting water and carbon budgets. Forest age distribution is determined by the interplay of tree mortality and regeneration, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Thus, human-driven alteration of tree age distribution presents an underexplored avenue for enhancing forest stability and resilience. In our study, we investigated how age distribution impacts the stability and resilience of the forest carbon budget under both current and future climate conditions. We employed a biogeochemical model on three historically managed forest stands, projecting their future as undisturbed systems, i.e., left at their natural evolution with no management interventions. The model, driven by climate data from five Earth System Models under four representative climate scenarios and one baseline scenario, spanned 11 age classes for each stand. Our findings indicate that Net Primary Production (NPP) peaks in the young and middle-aged classes (16- to 50-year-old), aligning with ecological theories, regardless of the climate scenario. Under climate change, the beech forest exhibited an increase in NPP and maintained stability across all age classes, while resilience remained constant with rising atmospheric CO2 and temperatures. However, NPP declined under climate change scenarios for the Norway spruce and Scots pine sites. In these coniferous forests, stability and resilience were more influenced. These results underscore the necessity of accounting for age classes and species-specific reactions in evaluating the impacts of climate change on forest stability and resilience. We, therefore, advocate for customized management strategies that enhance the adaptability of forests to changing climatic conditions, taking into account the diverse responses of different species and age groups to climate.

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